Prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in Estonia.

Background: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common urogenital malformations. Cryptorchidism prevalence varies greatly in different countries and populations. The aim of the current study was to determine and analyse cryptorchidism prevalence in Estonia.

Genetic relatedness of Gram-negative bacteria colonizing gut and skin of neonates and mother's own milk.

Objective: We described colonization of mother's own milk with Gram-negative bacteria and its relationship with neonatal colonization.

Study Design: Gram-negative bacteria isolated from weekly collected stool, skin and mother's own milk of hospitalized preterm (n = 49) and healthy term neonates (n = 20) were genotyped. Colonization-related factors were determined by logistic regression.

Higher intake of coagulase-negative staphylococci from maternal milk promotes gut colonization with mecA-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis in preterm neonates.

Objective: We aimed to determine factors associated with gut colonization of preterm neonates with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from maternal milk (MM).

Study Design: CoNS isolated from weekly collected stool and MM of hospitalized preterm (n = 49) and healthy term neonates (n = 20) were genotyped. Colonization-related factors were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression.

Genetic Relatedness of Staphylococcus haemolyticus in Gut and Skin of Preterm Neonates and Breast Milk of Their Mothers.

Background: Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a common colonizer and cause of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm neonates. By describing genetic relatedness, we aimed to determine whether mother's breast milk (BM) is a source of S. haemolyticus colonizing neonatal gut and skin and/or causing LOS.

The role of breast milk in the colonization of neonatal gut and skin with coagulase-negative staphylococci.

BackgroundWe aimed to determine the genetic relatedness between Staphylococcus epidermidis colonizing breast milk (BM) and BM-fed neonates during the first month of life.MethodsS. epidermidis was isolated from the stool and skin swabs of 20 healthy term and 49 preterm neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit and from the BM of mothers once a week and typed by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis.

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Human Milk From Mothers of Preterm Compared With Term Neonates.

Background: Human milk is the preferred nutrition for neonates and a source of bacteria. Research aim: The authors aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology and genetic content of staphylococci in the human milk of mothers of preterm and term neonates.

Methods: Staphylococci were isolated once per week in the 1st month postpartum from the human milk of mothers of 20 healthy term and 49 preterm neonates hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Ampicillin versus penicillin in the empiric therapy of extremely low-birthweight neonates at risk of early onset sepsis.

Background: There are no comparative data on the impact of different empiric antibiotic regimens on early bowel colonization as well as on clinical efficacy in extremely low-birthweight (ELBW) neonates at risk of early onset sepsis (EOS).

Methods: A subgroup analysis was carried out of ELBW neonates recruited into a two-center, prospective, cluster randomized study comparing ampicillin and penicillin both combined with gentamicin, within the first 72 h of life. A composite primary end-point (need for change of antibiotics within 72 h and/or 7 day all-cause mortality) and the rate and duration of colonization by opportunistic aerobic microorganisms were assessed using hierarchical models corrected for study center and period.