Bone Material Strength Index as Measured by Impact Microindentation is Low in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Context: In primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) bone mineral density (BMD) is typically decreased in cortical bone and relatively preserved in trabecular bone. An increased fracture rate is observed however not only at peripheral sites but also at the spine, and fractures occur at higher BMD values than expected. We hypothesized that components of bone quality other than BMD are affected in PHPT as well.

Fusing metabolomics data sets with heterogeneous measurement errors.

Combining different metabolomics platforms can contribute significantly to the discovery of complementary processes expressed under different conditions. However, analysing the fused data might be hampered by the difference in their quality. In metabolomics data, one often observes that measurement errors increase with increasing measurement level and that different platforms have different measurement error variance.

Effect of diet-induced weight loss on lipoprotein(a) levels in obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: Elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Although weight loss improves conventional risk factors for CVD in type 2 diabetes, the effects on Lp(a) are unknown and may influence the long-term outcome of CVD after diet-induced weight loss. The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effect of diet-induced weight loss on Lp(a) levels in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Weight loss induced by very low calorie diet is associated with a more beneficial systemic inflammatory profile than by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Introduction: Weight loss interventions such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and very low calorie diets (VLCD) lead to improvement of glucose metabolism in obese individuals with type-2 diabetes. Weight loss can also positively influence the unfavorable inflammatory profile associated with obesity. However, a direct comparison of the effect of VLCD and RYGB on systemic inflammation is lacking.

Energy restriction and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass reduce postprandial α-dicarbonyl stress in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: Dicarbonyl compounds are formed as byproducts of glycolysis and are key mediators of diabetic complications. However, evidence of postprandial α-dicarbonyl formation in humans is lacking, and interventions to reduce α-dicarbonyls have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we investigated postprandial α-dicarbonyl levels in obese women without and with type 2 diabetes.

Increased PUFA Content and 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Expression Are Associated with Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes.

Obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more inflammation in their subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) than age-and-BMI similar obese women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We aimed to investigate whether WAT fatty acids and/or oxylipins are associated with the enhanced inflammatory state in WAT of the T2DM women. Fatty acid profiles were measured in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT) of 19 obese women with NGT and 16 age-and-BMI similar women with T2DM.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, but not calorie restriction, reduces plasma branched-chain amino acids in obese women independent of weight loss or the presence of type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been associated with increased levels of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. However, weight loss has not been consistently associated with the reduction of BCAA levels.

Research Design And Methods: We included 30 obese normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects, 32 obese subjects with T2DM, and 12 lean female subjects.

Downregulation of the acetyl-CoA metabolic network in adipose tissue of obese diabetic individuals and recovery after weight loss.

Aims/hypothesis: Not all obese individuals develop type 2 diabetes. Why some obese individuals retain normal glucose tolerance (NGT) is not well understood. We hypothesise that the biochemical mechanisms that underlie the function of adipose tissue can help explain the difference between obese individuals with NGT and those with type 2 diabetes.

Resting-state functional connectivity of brain regions involved in cognitive control, motivation, and reward is enhanced in obese females.

Background: The brain is crucial for the control of food intake, reward, and energy homeostasis.

Objective: We hypothesized that 1) brain circuits involved in energy homeostasis and reward show different functional connectivity patterns between obese and lean individuals and 2) food intake affects functional connectivity differentially in obese and lean individuals. Therefore, we compared the connectivity of the hypothalamus, amygdala, and posterior cingulate cortex, each probing a distinct network related to energy homeostasis and reward, between obese subjects and lean subjects in the fasting state and after meal ingestion.

Calorie restriction and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass have opposing effects on circulating FGF21 in morbidly obese subjects.

Objective: To study the effect of different weight loss strategies on levels of the metabolic regulator FGF21 in morbidly obese females with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design: Observational intervention trial.

Patients And Measurements: Weight reduction was achieved by Gastric Banding (GB, n = 11) or Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB, n = 16) in subjects with NGT, and by RYGB (n = 15) or a very-low-calorie diet (VLCD, n = 12) in type 2 diabetics.

Increased systemic and adipose tissue inflammation differentiates obese women with T2DM from obese women with normal glucose tolerance.

Introduction: Obesity is strongly related to type-2 diabetes (T2DM), but there is a subset of obese individuals that remains relatively insulin sensitive and metabolically healthy. This study determined to what extent differences in metabolic health in obese women are associated with differences in adipose tissue and/or systemic inflammation.

Methods: The subject group consisted of age comparable lean (n=12) and obese women either with T2DM (n=28) or normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=26).

Effects of bariatric surgery on pericardial ectopic fat depositions and cardiovascular function.

Objective: Cardiac ectopic fat depositions are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the main cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diet-induced weight loss results in a decrease in cardiac ectopic fat stores, however if this is the same for surgically induced weight loss is less clear. Therefore, we assessed myocardial triglyceride (TG) content, pericardial fat and cardiac function in obese patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes before and 16 weeks after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery.

Autonomic nervous system activity in diabetic and healthy obese female subjects and the effect of distinct weight loss strategies.

Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are reported to be associated with relative overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is reversible by weight loss. However, direct effects of weight loss by calorie restriction vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on SNS overactivity were not studied in parallel. This study compared the effects of RYGB vs restrictive weight loss in obese patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and with T2DM on SNS function as measured by heart rate variability (HRV).

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and calorie restriction induce comparable time-dependent effects on thyroid hormone function tests in obese female subjects.

Objective: Obesity and weight loss influence thyroid hormone physiology. The effects of weight loss by calorie restriction vs Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in obese subjects have not been studied in parallel. We hypothesized that differences in transient systemic inflammation and catabolic state between the intervention types could lead to differential effects on thyroid hormone physiology.

Calorie restriction is a major determinant of the short-term metabolic effects of gastric bypass surgery in obese type 2 diabetic patients.

Objective: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and restrictive weight loss interventions, such as gastric banding (GB) and very-low-calorie diets (VLCD) directly impact glucose metabolism, possibly by calorie restriction and/or altered secretion of gut hormones. We aimed to establish the direct endocrine and metabolic effects of RYGB compared to restrictive interventions in obese glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Design: Controlled, nonrandomized observational trial.

A study of relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms from the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis and bone mass: the Hertfordshire cohort study.

Objective: We sought evidence of association of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis, largely selected on the basis of functional data available at the time of our study, with adult bone mass.

Methods: Four hundred ninety-eight men and 468 women aged 59-71 years were recruited. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered, and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck.

Interaction between birthweight and polymorphism in the calcium-sensing receptor gene in determination of adult bone mass: the Hertfordshire cohort study.

Objective: We sought evidence of interaction between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene and early life in determination of bone mineral density (BMD) among individuals from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study.

Methods: Four hundred ninety-eight men and 468 women aged 59-71 years were recruited. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered and BMD at lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured.