Interaction matters: Bottom-up driver interdependencies alter the projected response of phytoplankton communities to climate change.

Phytoplankton growth is controlled by multiple environmental drivers, which are all modified by climate change. While numerous experimental studies identify interactive effects between drivers, large-scale ocean biogeochemistry models mostly account for growth responses to each driver separately and leave the results of these experimental multiple-driver studies largely unused. Here, we amend phytoplankton growth functions in a biogeochemical model by dual-driver interactions (CO and temperature, CO and light), based on data of a published meta-analysis on multiple-driver laboratory experiments.

Control charts for measurement error models.

We consider a linear measurement error model (MEM) with AR(1) process in the state equation which is widely used in applied research. This MEM could be equivalently re-written as ARMA(1,1) process, where the MA(1) parameter is related to the variance of measurement errors. As the MA(1) parameter is of essential importance for these linear MEMs, it is of much relevance to provide instruments for online monitoring in order to detect its possible changes.

The Relationship Between Maxillary Growth and Speech in Children With a Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate at 5 Years of Age.

Objective: This study sought to investigate the association between maxillary growth and speech outcomes for children with a repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at 5 years of age.

Participants: In all, 521 children (180 females and 341 males) with a nonsyndromic complete UCLP, born between 2007 and 2012 in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland were included in this study.

Outcome Measures: Maxillary growth was analyzed using dental models scored by the 5-Year-Olds' index, and perceptual speech analyses were scored by the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech - Augmented rating.

Intelligibility in 3-Year-Olds With Cleft Lip and/or Palate Using the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Findings from the Cleft Collective Cohort Study.

Objective: To provide comparison data on the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS) for a sample of 3-year-old English-speaking children born with any cleft type.

Design: Questionnaire data from the Cleft Collective Cohort Study were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out to determine difference according to children's cleft type and syndromic status.

Meta-analysis of multiple driver effects on marine phytoplankton highlights modulating role of pCO.

Responses of marine primary production to a changing climate are determined by a concert of multiple environmental changes, for example in temperature, light, pCO , nutrients, and grazing. To make robust projections of future global marine primary production, it is crucial to understand multiple driver effects on phytoplankton. This meta-analysis quantifies individual and interactive effects of dual driver combinations on marine phytoplankton growth rates.

An Alternative Approach to Measuring Reliability of Transcription in Children's Speech Samples: Extending the Concept of Near Functional Equivalence.

Aim: To explore a novel and efficient way of calculating transcription reliability of connected speech data using the concept of near functional equivalence. Using this approach, differences between two transcribed phonemes that are nearly phonetically equivalent are disregarded if both reflect two plausible and acceptable pronunciations for the word produced.

Method: The study used transcriptions of connected speech samples from 63 five-year-olds who participated in a large-scale population study.