Review of inbound medical tourism and legal details of obtaining a visa for treatment of head and neck cancer.

Background: We aim to provide a review of inbound medical tourism and the legal process of obtaining a visa for medical/surgical treatment for the patients with head and neck cancer.

Methods: We reviewed current statistics and the medical and legal literature regarding inbound medical tourism and the process of obtaining a visa for patients traveling to the United States for medical treatment. To illustrate this process, we present a case of an advanced-staged and disfiguring facial polymorphous high-grade adenocarcinoma in a previously healthy 29-year-old woman from Liberia.

Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to Jejunum: An Unusual Case Presentation.

The small intestine is a very uncommon and peculiar site for metastasis from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We present a clinical presentation of insidious and unusual development of a jejunal metastasis while having stable disease in a remainder of metastatic sites, in a patient undergoing immunotherapy with nivolumab. Due to the extreme rarity of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the lumen of the small bowel, it is easy to overlook and misdiagnose symptoms of this pathologic entity, particularly when the remainder of metastatic disease responds well to ongoing therapy.

The use of immunohistochemical expression of SF-1 and EMA in distinguishing adrenocortical tumors from renal neoplasms.

Steroidogenic factor -1 (SF-1) is an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, and is considered to play an important role in the differentiation of steroidogenic tissues. In this study, we compared the immunohistochemical stains of SF-1 and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) in non-neoplastic adrenal tissue, and adrenal and renal tumors using tissue microarrays (TMAs). The adrenal tissue array included 19 cases of normal adrenal cortex, 22 cases of adrenal adenoma, and 20 cases of adrenal cortical carcinoma.

CDX2 expression in columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

The columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CCV-PTC) is a rare subtype of PTC that exhibits morphologic features often described as reminiscent of secretory endometrium or colonic adenomas/adenocarcinomas. CDX2, a nuclear transcription factor, is important for intestinal development. It is normally expressed in intestinal epithelium and is also detected in adenoma and adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it has also been reported in tumors of other sites with intestinal-type morphologic features.