Differences in appetite, food intake, and gastric emptying responses to protein intake by older adults varying in level of physical activity: A randomised controlled trial.

Older adults are encouraged to increase their protein intake and engage in more physical activity to preserve muscle mass. However, since protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient, this advice might lead to a decrease in overall energy consumption. Physical activity is also recommended to older adults to enhance appetite, as it has been shown to help regulate appetite in younger adults, yet there is limited evidence to support this in older populations.

The Wisdom of Old Age: Placing the older adult at the heart of healthy eating.

Poor diet and inadequate nutrient consumption are known to be causal in the development of chronic health conditions, many of which increase with age. Older adults also typically have reduced appetite and consequently are often not meeting dietary and nutrient requirements. The causes of reduced appetite are known to be multifactorial but mechanistically are not well understood.

The role of food during oncology treatment: perspectives of cancer patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Purpose: Many cancer patients have problems eating which are usually connected to taste and smell alterations due to side effects of cancer treatment. These problems have consequences both in terms of malnutrition and reduced quality of life. In order to explore social and psychological consequences of eating problems in cancer patients, qualitative interviews were conducted with cancer patients, their caregivers and healthcare professionals.

Understanding age-related changes: exploring the interplay of protein intake, physical activity and appetite in the ageing population.

Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in the proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about the potential increase in age-related diseases and their impact on our ability to provide adequate health and end-of-life care. To apply appropriate interventions, understanding the changes that happen with ageing becomes essential.

Older adults' acceptability of and preferences for food-based protein fortification in the UK, France and Norway.

Research suggests that as we age, protein intake, recognised as vital for combating negative health outcomes, consistently falls below recommendations in older adults. Decreased food intake, combined with age-related eating complications is a major determinant of this protein undernutrition. If nutritional interventions are to be effective and sustainable, they must enable eating pleasure, cater for personal preferences and be adaptable to different eating patterns.

Macronutrients effects on satiety and food intake in older and younger adults: A randomised controlled trial.

Older adults are advised to increase their protein intake to maintain their muscle mass. However, protein is considered the most satiating macronutrient and this recommendation may cause a decrease in total energy intake. To date, satiety studies comparing all three macronutrients have been undertaken in young adults, and it is unclear if the same response is seen in older adults.

Habitual consumption of high-fibre bread fortified with bean hulls increased plasma indole-3-propionic concentration and decreased putrescine and deoxycholic acid faecal concentrations in healthy volunteers.

Only 6 to 8 % of the UK adults meet the daily recommendation for dietary fibre. Fava bean processing lead to vast amounts of high-fibre by-products such as hulls. Bean hull fortified bread was formulated to increase and diversify dietary fibre while reducing waste.

The Food4Years Ageing Network: Improving foods and diets as a strategy for supporting quality of life, independence and healthspan in older adults.

By 2050, it is predicted that one in four people in the United Kingdom will be aged 65 years and over. Increases in lifespan are not always translated into years spent in good health. Incidence rates for chronic diseases are increasing, with treatments allowing people to live longer with their disease.

'Raising the Pulse': The environmental, nutritional and health benefits of pulse-enhanced foods.

Diet is a key modulator of non-communicable diseases, and food production represents a major cause of environmental degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. Yet, 'nudging' people to make better food choices is challenging, as factors including affordability, convenience and taste often take priority over the achievement of health and environmental benefits. The overall 'Raising the Pulse' project aim is to bring about a step change in the nutritional value of the UK consumers' diet, and to do so in a way that leads to improved health and greater sustainability within the UK food system.

Review of protein intake and suitability of foods for protein-fortification in older adults in the UK.

Protein is a vital dietary component for combating negative health outcomes associated with malnutrition in older adults, including sarcopenia, functional decline and reduced quality of life. Yet, recommended daily protein intake is consistently unmet, as evidenced in the literature and reaffirmed in this review. Poor appetite is recognized as a major determinant of protein-energy undernutrition and thus fortification of regular food or drinks provides a flexible and relevant approach for older adults with reduced appetite.

Finger millet-based muffin decreases insulin response in individuals with prediabetes in a randomised controlled trial.

Millet is a grain high in polyphenols and antioxidants, which are bioactive compounds known to influence blood glucose response. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of finger millet muffin and wheat muffin on glycaemic response (GR), insulin response (IR), gastric emptying (GE) and satiety in healthy individuals and people with prediabetes. In a single-blind randomised controlled crossover trial at Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, fifteen healthy individuals and fourteen individuals with prediabetes were recruited between May and December 2017.

Lower Energy-Dense Ready Meal Consumption Affects Self-Reported Appetite Ratings with No Effect on Subsequent Food Intake in Women.

Slimming World (SW), a commercial weight management organisation, has designed a range of low energy-dense ready meals (LEDRMs) in line with their programme. This randomised crossover study compared commercially available equicaloric ready meals differing in energy density on satiety and food intake. It was hypothesised that the LEDRM would reduce energy intake (EI) whilst increasing fullness and reducing hunger compared to higher energy-dense ready meal (HEDRM, control).

Gluten-free diet intervention reduces thiamine intake in two weeks, increases glycaemic response and decreases body weight in four weeks, with no long term nutritional deficiencies.

This research investigated the effects of gluten free diet (GFD) on nutritional intake, glycaemic and insulin response. In a cross-sectional study, participants who consumed gluten-containing diet (GCD;  = 11) and GFD ( = 11) completed a food diary, blood glucose and insulin measurements. In a pre-post intervention study ( = 11), glycaemic and insulin responses were tested before and after four weeks of a GFD.

A comparative assessment of the nutritional composition of dairy and plant-based dairy alternatives available for sale in the UK and the implications for consumers' dietary intakes.

The popularity of plant-based dairy alternatives (PBDAs) products has grown exponentially in recent years creating a new market of PBDA. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional content of plant-based alternatives of milk, yogurt and cheese with dairy equivalents and the impact on nutritional intake across the lifespan when they are substituted into UK diets. Nutritional information from cow's milk, yogurt, cheese and PBDAs available on the UK market was collected via manufacturers information.

The Effects of a Functional Food Breakfast on Gluco-Regulation, Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Satiety in Adults.

A whole diet which combines multiple functional foods benefits metabolic risk factors and cognition, but evidence supporting meal to meal benefits, which individuals may find easier to implement, is limited. This study developed a functional food breakfast (FB), using polyphenol-rich ingredients selected for their gluco-regulating and cognitive-enhancing properties, and compared it to a control breakfast (CB). For study 1, total polyphenols were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and sugar release by in vitro digestion, in frozen and fresh samples.

The effect of a split portion of flaxseed on 24-h blood glucose response.

Purpose: Flaxseed can be effective at lowering and stabilising blood glucose responses. The aim of this study was to determine whether flaxseed could lower blood glucose response more effectively when consumed as a single portion of 30 g, or a split portion consumed three times per day (10 g flaxseed per portion).

Methods: The study was a randomised, repeated measures, cross-over design.

A comparison of the satiating properties of medium-chain triglycerides and conjugated linoleic acid in participants with healthy weight and overweight or obesity.

Purpose: Inconsistent evidence exists for greater satiety after medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Furthermore, the mechanisms are poorly understood and effects in people with a healthy weight and those with overweight/obesity have not been compared. This study aimed to compare appetite responses in these groups and examine the mechanisms behind any differences.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of medium-chain triglycerides effects on acute satiety and food intake.

Research has indicated that consuming medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may be more satiating than consuming long-chain triglycerides (LCT) potentially causing a reduction in energy intake. However not all studies have demonstrated this acute reduction in energy intake and it has yet to be systematically reviewed. Our main objective was to examine how ingestion of MCT influences energy intake, subjective appetite ratings and appetite-related hormones compared to LCT.

Effect of medium-chain TAG and exercise on satiety, energy intake and energy balance.

The present study examined whether the combination of medium-chain TAG (MCT) along with exercise suppresses energy intake to a greater extent compared with either intervention alone. Twelve participants consumed a porridge breakfast containing 692·9 kJ of either vegetable or MCT oil on two separate occasions: one followed by rest for 240 min and another followed by rest broken up with 1 h of cycling at 65 % $\dot V$O2peak starting at 120 min. At 240 min, participants consumed a buffet lunch to satiation and recorded their food intake for the rest of the day.

The Influence of Social Relationships on Men's Weight.

Objective: To explore how men's social relationships influence their dietary, physical activity, and weight loss intentions and behaviors.

Design: Qualitative study using semistructured interviews.

Setting: One county in the southwest of England.

The sugar content of children's and lunchbox beverages sold in the UK before and after the soft drink industry levy.

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with an increased intake of sugary soft drinks and juice drinks. The aims of this study were (1) to report the sugar and energy content in commercial fruit juice (FJ), juice drinks (JDs) and smoothies (S) specifically targeted at children in the UK, (2) to identify beverages liable for the soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) and (3) to compare the amount of sugar in these beverages before and after the levy.

Methods: The beverages were retrieved using the online shopping tool, my Supermarket, websites of nine major supermarkets in the UK and manufacturers webpages.

Food Intake and Satiety Response after Medium-Chain Triglycerides Ingested as Solid or Liquid.

Consuming medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may reduce subsequent energy intake and increase satiety compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCT) but this may be dependent on the physical form in which MCT is ingested. Twenty-nine participants completed four trials where they consumed a breakfast containing either LCT or MCT in solid (Con-S and MCT-S, respectively) or liquid (Con-L and MCT-L, respectively) form. Appetite ratings and gastric emptying (GE) were taken at baseline and at 15 min intervals for 4 h.

Standard . baby-led complementary feeding: a comparison of food and nutrient intakes in 6-12-month-old infants in the UK.

Objective: To compare food and nutrient intakes of infants aged 6-12 months following a baby-led complementary feeding (BLCF) approach and a standard weaning (SW) approach.

Design: Participants completed an online questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic questions, a 28 d FFQ and a 24 h dietary recall.

Setting: UK.

A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled feasibility trial of flavonoid-rich cocoa for fatigue in people with relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis.

Unlabelled: The impact of flavonoids on fatigue has not been investigated in relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Objective: To determine the feasibility and estimate the potential effect of flavonoid-rich cocoa on fatigue and fatigability in RRMS.

Methods: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled feasibility study in people recently diagnosed with RRMS and fatigue, throughout the Thames Valley, UK (ISRCTN69897291).