[Phytotherapeutic recommendations in medical guidelines for the treatment of gastroenterological diseases - a systematic review].

Phytotherapeutics are gaining influence in the treatment of gastroenterological diseases. Their popularity and growing evidence of efficacy contribute to their integration into medical guidelines. A systematic screening identified recommended phytotherapeutic approaches.

Visualizing transfer of microbial biomolecules by outer membrane vesicles in microbe-host-communication in vivo.

The intestinal microbiota influences mammalian host physiology in health and disease locally in the gut but also in organs devoid of direct contact with bacteria such as the liver and brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by microbes are increasingly recognized for their potential role as biological shuttle systems for inter-kingdom communication. However, physiologically relevant evidence for the transfer of functional biomolecules from the intestinal microbiota to individual host cells by OMVs in vivo is scarce.

Modulation of the extrinsic cell death signaling pathway by viral Flip induces acute-death mediated liver failure.

During viral infections viruses express molecules that interfere with the host-cell death machinery and thus inhibit cell death responses. For example the viral FLIP (vFLIP) encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interacts and inhibits the central cell death effector, Caspase-8. In order to analyze the impact of anti-apoptotic viral proteins, like vFlip, on liver physiology in vivo, mice expressing vFlip constitutively in hepatocytes (vFlip) were generated.

Interferon Lambda Promotes Paneth Cell Death Via STAT1 Signaling in Mice and Is Increased in Inflamed Ileal Tissues of Patients With Crohn's Disease.

Background & Aims: Interferon lambda (IFNL) is expressed at high levels by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and mucosal immune cells in response to infection and inflammation. We investigated whether IFNL might contribute to pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD).

Methods: We obtained serum samples and terminal ileum biopsies from 47 patients with CD and 16 healthy individuals (controls).

Environmental Microbial Factors Determine the Pattern of Inflammatory Lesions in a Murine Model of Crohn's Disease-Like Inflammation.

Crohn's disease (CD) patients can be grouped into patients suffering from ileitis, ileocolitis, jejunoileitis, and colitis. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this regional inflammation is still unknown. Although most murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develop inflammation in the colon, there is an unmet need for novel models that recapitulate the spontaneous and fluctuating nature of inflammation as seen in CD.

Surface and Extracellular Proteome of the Emerging Pathogen .

is an emerging pathogen, which is increasingly recognized as an etiological agent of diphtheria, but can also evoke ulcers of the skin and systemic infections in humans. Besides man, the bacteria can colonize a wide variety of different animals, including cattle and pet animals, which might serve as a reservoir for human infections. In this study, surface-located proteins and the exoproteome of two strains were analyzed, since these may have key roles in the interaction of the pathogen with host cells.