Efficacy of ceftaroline and rifampin, alone or combined, in a rat model of methicillin-resistant osteomyelitis without implant.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSE) contributes to a high percentage of orthopedic infections, and their treatment represents a huge challenge. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ceftaroline alone or combined with rifampin in a rat MRSE osteomyelitis model and the bone penetration of ceftaroline. A ceftaroline monotherapy showed a significant bacterial reduction in infected bones after a 7-day period of treatment.

The State of the Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Systems in the Valproic Acid Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder mainly characterized by deficits in social communication and stereotyped behaviors and interests. Here, we aimed to investigate the state of several key players in the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission systems in the valproic acid (VPA) animal model that was administered to E12.5 pregnant females as a single dose (450 mg/kg).

PKPD Modeling of the Inoculum Effect of on Polymyxin B .

The reduction in antimicrobial activity at high bacterial counts is a microbiological phenomenon known as the inoculum effect (IE). In a previous study, a significant IE was observed for polymyxin B (PMB) against a clinical isolate of , and well described by a new pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Few studies have investigated the impact of inoculum size on survival or antibiotic efficacy.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model exploring the blood-milk barrier in lactating species - A case study with oxytetracycline administered to dairy cows and goats.

Antibiotic excretion into milk depends on several factors such as the compound's physicochemical properties, the animal physiology, and the milk composition. The objective of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model describing the passage of drugs into the milk of lactating species. The udder is described as a permeability limited compartment, divided into vascular, extracellular water (EW), intracellular water (IW) and milk, which was stored in alveolar and cistern compartments.

Adverse Mechanical Ventilation and Pneumococcal Pneumonia Induce Immune and Mitochondrial Dysfunctions Mitigated by Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rabbits.

Background: Mechanical ventilation for pneumonia may contribute to lung injury due to factors that include mitochondrial dysfunction, and mesenchymal stem cells may attenuate injury. This study hypothesized that mechanical ventilation induces immune and mitochondrial dysfunction, with or without pneumococcal pneumonia, that could be mitigated by mesenchymal stem cells alone or combined with antibiotics.

Methods: Male rabbits underwent protective mechanical ventilation (8 ml/kg tidal volume, 5 cm H2O end-expiratory pressure) or adverse mechanical ventilation (20 ml/kg tidal-volume, zero end-expiratory pressure) or were allowed to breathe spontaneously.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of the three echinocandins in ICU patients.

Background: We conducted a prospective study in ICU patients of two tertiary hospitals in order to determine basic pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, associated variation and target attainment rates for anidulafungin, micafungin and caspofungin.

Methods: Serum samples from patients treated for 7 days with the standard doses of anidulafungin (N = 13), micafungin (N = 14) or caspofungin (N = 7) were analysed by validated chromatographic methods. PK parameters determined with non-compartmental analysis were correlated with demographic, laboratory and disease severity characteristics.