Temporal variations in female moose responses to roads and logging in the absence of wolves.

Animal movements, needed to acquire food resources, avoid predation risk, and find breeding partners, are influenced by annual and circadian cycles. Decisions related to movement reflect a quest to maximize benefits while limiting costs, especially in heterogeneous landscapes. Predation by wolves () has been identified as the major driver of moose () habitat selection patterns, and linear features have been shown to increase wolf efficiency to travel, hunt, and kill prey.