Analysis and Differential Expression of Primo Genes Using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR Experiments.

Although the existence of the primo vasculature system has been shown in many species, including mice, rats, rabbits and humans, the biological role of this system, including expression of genes and proteins, has not yet been investigated. Especially the transcriptional action by mRNA, which is required for biological action, needs to be studied in primo vasculature biology. Differentially expressed genes in both isolated primo vessels and lymphatic vessels of rabbits were analyzed by RNA sequencing experiments.

Differential Gene Expression by RNA-Seq Analysis of the Primo Vessel in the Rabbit Lymph.

For the connectome of primo vascular system, some long-type primo vessels dyed with Alcian blue injected into inguinal nodes, abdominal node, and axially nodes were visualized, which passed over around the vena cava of the rabbit. The Alcian blue dye revealed primo vessels and colored blue in the rabbit lymph vessels. The length of long-type primo vessels was 18 cm on average, of which diameters were about 20-30 μm, and the lymph vessels had diameters of 100-150 μm.

Expression of Genes in Primo Vasculature Floating in Lymphatic Endothelium Under Lipopolysaccharide and Acupuncture Electric Stimulation.

It is known that the primo vascular system (PVS) includes the primo nodes and vessels. However, the relevant genes in the PVS system for both pathologic and physiologic condition are poorly understood. Here, we first examined the gene expression in primo vessels (PVs) floating in lymphatic endothelium by isolation of PVS and lymphatic vessels (LVs) containing PVS.

Primo Vessel Stressed by Lipopolysaccharide in Rabbits.

For tracking the primo vascular system, we observed the primo vessels in vivo in situ using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response in the lymphatic vessels of a rabbit. Injection of LPS (200 μg/kg) into the lymph nodes resulted in greatly stained primo vessels, which were swollen in some cases. We were able to obtain comparative images through alcian blue and diaminobenzidine staining, which clearly showed different morphologies of the primo vessels.

Effective isolation of primo vessels in lymph using sound- and ultrasonic-wave stimulation.

The effects of stimulation with sound and ultrasonic waves of a specific bandwidth on the microdissection of primo vessels in lymphatic vessels of rabbit were investigated. The primo vessels stained with alcian-blue dye injected in the lymph nodes were definitely visualized and more easily isolated by sound-wave vibration and ultrasonic stimulation applied to rabbits at various frequencies and intensities. With sound wave at 7 Hz and ultrasonic waves at 2 MHz, the probability of detecting the primo vessels was improved to 90%; however, without wave stimulation the probability of discovering primo vessels was about 50% only.

Observation of a long primo vessel in a lymph vessel from the inguinal node of a rabbit.

Though primo vessels are frequently found in the lymph near the abdominal aorta of rabbit by Alcian blue dye, the reproductions are still difficult to require considerable skills and technical know-how at dissected tissue of animal species. However, in the inguinal lymph node of a rabbit we found a long-type primo vascular system (LTP) dyed with Alcian blue, from an abdominal lymph vessel to an inguinal lymph node. The length of LTP was over an average length of 9.

Isolation and morphological features of primo vessels in rabbit lymph vessels.

Until now, even though intensive research has been dedicated to the primo vascular system (PVS) during these years, no statistical data on primo vessels and primo vessels in lymph flow have been available. Recently, the general morphological features of primo vessels in lymph vessels around the abdominal aorta were identified from microdissections of tissues from New Zealand White rabbits, and with Alcian blue staining, primo vessels in lymphatic vessels could be definitely identified under a digital microscope. The micro-dissected specimens in situ reveal rod-shaped nuclei stained by Acridine orange.

Expression of type 2 hexokinase and mitochondria-related genes in gastric carcinoma tissues and cell lines.

Background: The constant overexpression of glycolysis and active mitochondrial function are critical for productive energy required for the immortal proliferation of cancer cells. The genes related to glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration might have some function during stomach carcinogenesis.

Materials And Methods: The expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2), Bcl-2 and several mitochondria-related gene products were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 257 consecutive human gastric carcinomas, and the results were compared with the clinicopathological characteristics.