Dynamic transition and Galilean relativity of current-driven skyrmions.

The coupling of conduction electrons and magnetic textures leads to quantum transport phenomena described by the language of emergent electromagnetic fields. For magnetic skyrmions, spin-swirling particle-like objects, an emergent magnetic field is produced by their topological winding, resulting in the conduction electrons exhibiting the topological Hall effect (THE). When the skyrmion lattice (SkL) acquires a drift velocity under conduction electron flow, an emergent electric field is also generated.

Current-induced switching of proximity-induced ferromagnetic surface states in a topological insulator.

Electrical manipulation of magnetization could be an essential function for energy-efficient spintronics technology. A magnetic topological insulator, possessing a magnetically gapped surface state with spin-polarized electrons, not only exhibits exotic topological phases relevant to the quantum anomalous Hall state but also enables the electrical control of its magnetic state at the surface. Here, we demonstrate efficient current-induced switching of the surface ferromagnetism in hetero-bilayers consisting of the topological insulator (BiSb)Te and the ferromagnetic insulator CrGeTe, where the proximity-induced ferromagnetic surface states play two roles: efficient charge-to-spin current conversion and emergence of large anomalous Hall effect.

Large non-reciprocal charge transport mediated by quantum anomalous Hall edge states.

The topological nature of the quantum anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) causes a dissipationless chiral edge current at the sample boundary. Of fundamental interest is whether the chirality of the band structure manifests itself in charge transport properties. Here we report the observation of large non-reciprocal charge transport in a magnetic topological insulator, Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)Te.

Visualization of an axion insulating state at the transition between 2 chiral quantum anomalous Hall states.

Quantum-relativistic materials often host electronic phenomena with exotic spatial distributions. In particular, quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) insulators feature topological boundary currents whose chirality is determined by the magnetization orientation. However, understanding the microscopic nature of edge vs.

Tailoring tricolor structure of magnetic topological insulator for robust axion insulator.

Exploration of novel electromagnetic phenomena is a subject of great interest in topological quantum materials. One of the unprecedented effects to be experimentally verified is the topological magnetoelectric (TME) effect originating from an unusual coupling of electric and magnetic fields in materials. A magnetic heterostructure of topological insulator (TI) hosts such exotic magnetoelectric coupling and can be expected to realize the TME effect as an axion insulator.

Current-Driven Instability of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Ferromagnetic Topological Insulators.

The instability of the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect has been studied as a function of the electric current and temperature in ferromagnetic topological insulator thin films. We find that a characteristic current for the breakdown of the QAH effect is roughly proportional to the Hall-bar width, indicating that the Hall electric field is relevant to the breakdown. We also find that electron transport is dominated by variable range hopping (VRH) at low temperatures.

Seasonal Variation in the Daily Urinary Sodium Excretion in Outpatients from the Morioka Region of Northern Japan.

Objective Although the daily urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) is considered to provide the most reliable estimate of the daily sodium intake, it may be affected by salt loss due to sweating in summer. However, the seasonal variation in the daily UNaV associated with a normal lifestyle is unknown. Methods This study was performed in 348 outpatients from the Morioka region during three seasons: summer (summer 1), winter, and the following summer (summer 2).

Neurotropin inhibits calpain activity upregulated by specific alternation of rhythm in temperature in the mesencephalon of rats.

Aims: Neurotropin® (NTP), an analgesic for chronic pain, has antihyperalgesic effects in specific alternation of rhythm in temperature (SART)-stressed rats. Previous studies have shown that SART stress induces hyperalgesia, as well as post-translational modification of proteins (including substrates for calpain, a calcium-dependent cysteine protease) in the mesencephalon of rats. To better understand the mechanism of action of NTP, we investigated whether SART stress activates calpain in the mesencephalon of rats and whether NTP inhibits this activation.

Electronic Magnetization of a Quantum Point Contact Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

We report an electronic magnetization measurement of a quantum point contact (QPC) based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We find that NMR signals can be detected by measuring the QPC conductance under in-plane magnetic fields. This makes it possible to measure, from Knight shifts of the NMR spectra, the electronic magnetization of a QPC containing only a few electron spins.

Excitatory effect of Neurotropin(®) on noradrenergic neurons in rat locus coeruleus.

Aims: Although the clinical use of Neurotropin® as an analgesic for chronic pain has been firmly established, its analgesic mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the direct effects of Neurotropin using an electrophysiological method.

Main Methods: Blind patch-clamp recordings were made from rat locus coeruleus (LC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) neurons in brainstem slices of normal rats.

Clinical application of the second morning urine method for estimating salt intake in patients with hypertension.

Estimation of salt intake by cumbersome 24-h urine collection is not suitable for individual patients because of substantial daily variation in intake. We developed the second morning urine (SMU) method for monitoring daily salt intake in healthy subjects by calculating the daily creatinine excretion and measuring the ratio of sodium to creatinine in the SMU specimen. To determine whether the SMU method was applicable to hypertensive patients, we tested it in hospitalized patients under an equilibrated sodium balance as a model population.

Seasonal variation of severe hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients 60 years of age or older presenting to an emergency center hospital between 2004 and 2010.

Objective: To investigate the seasonal variation of severe hypoglycemia in hospitalized elderly patients.

Methods: Among the patients hospitalized in our department between 2004 and 2010, we analyzed the records of 67 patients who required emergency admission for severe hypoglycemia and were aged 60 years or older. Comparisons were made between those admitted during the warm season (April-September) and those in the cold season (October-March).

[Scientific statement] Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (3) Assessment and application of salt intake in the management of hypertension.

Salt-reduction guidance to hypertensive patients should be performed by evaluating salt intake of the individuals. However, each method to assess salt intake has both merits and limitations. Therefore, evaluation methods must be selected in accordance with the subject and facility's environment.

[Scientific statement] Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension(1) Role of salt in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.

Dietary salt consumption is closely associated with the level of blood pressure (BP); stricter salt reduction more markedly decreased BP. Obesity/metabolic syndrome, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, exercise and mental stress influence the BP-elevating effect of high-salt diet. Observational and intervention studies suggested that salt restriction improved the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

[Scientific statement] Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension(2) Goal and strategies of dietary salt reduction in the management of hypertension.

In this section of the Report of the Salt Reduction Committee of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, the target level of dietary salt reduction and its scientific evidence, present status of salt consumption in Japan, salt-reducing measures/guidance methods in individuals and population strategies to reduce salt intake are introduced. In the Dietary Reference Intake for the general population in Japan (2010 version), the target levels of salt restriction in men and women were established as less than 9.0 per day and 7.

Combined antiallodynic effect of Neurotropin® and pregabalin in rats with L5-spinal nerve ligation.

Aims: In this study, we investigated the combined effect of Neurotropin® and pregabalin for L5-spinal nerve ligation (L5-SNL) model in rats and thiopental-induced sleep in mice.

Main Methods: The left fifth lumbar nerve of rats was tightly ligated with silk sutures under pentobarbital anesthesia. The hindpaw withdrawal threshold was measured by application of von Frey filaments.

[Thymic carcinoid associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1].

We report a case of a thymic carcinoid associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1( MEN-1). A 37-year-old man was referred to our hospital for further examination of an abnormal chest shadow. A chest computed tomography (CT) showed an anterior mediastinal mass measuring 6.

Second morning urine method is superior to the casual urine method for estimating daily salt intake in patients with hypertension.

The accuracy of the casual urine (CU) method for estimating daily salt intake was compared with the second morning urine (SMU) method and with 24-h urine collection (24 UC) method as the gold standard. Data were obtained from three previously reported studies, in which we evaluated the daily salt intake by the SMU method. Using SMU samples from 1315 outpatients, the estimated salt intake was lower with the CU method than the SMU method.

The influence of posture on the estimation of daily salt intake by the second morning urine method.

The second morning urine (SMU) method was developed to evaluate daily salt intake, but the posture that should be adopted until the SMU collection remains unclear. This study investigated the influence of posture in hypertensive patients who underwent this test. The subjects were 100 patients who could collect 24-h urine samples correctly and were on a diet containing 7 g of salt per day.

The antiallodynic effect of Neurotropin is mediated via activation of descending pain inhibitory systems in rats with spinal nerve ligation.

Background: Neurotropin, a nonprotein extract isolated from inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus, is widely used in Japan to treat chronic pain such as neuropathic pain. Although some studies have been conducted on the mechanism of the antiallodynic action of Neurotropin, this mechanism has yet to be adequately clarified.

Methods: The left fifth lumbar nerve of rats was tightly ligated with silk sutures under pentobarbital anesthesia.