In vivo upstream factors of mouse hepatotoxic mechanism with sustained hepatic glutathione depletion: Acetaminophen metabolite-erythrocyte adducts and splenic macrophage-generated reactive oxygen species.

Investigation of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage recently indicated the significance of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferroptosis in the liver. Here, we focused on phagocytosis by iron-containing erythrocyte-devouring splenic macrophages and explored upstream factors of known APAP hepatotoxic mechanisms in vivo. Splenectomy did not alter hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 activity or hepatic glutathione (GSH) content.

Lack of pain reduction by a vibrating local anesthetic attachment: a pilot study.

A vibrating dental local anesthesia attachment (Vibraject, LLC, Calif) based on the concept of the gate-control theory has been used in clinical practice. The theoretical advantage of the vibrating needle is that it reduces the injection pain. We evaluated the effectiveness of Vibraject in combination with an electrical injection device.