Efficient feedback linearization control for an IPMSM of EVs based on improved firefly algorithm.

The conventional direct torque control (DTC) has high torque and stator flux fluctuation that causes the stator current distortion. This paper presents an efficient control method based on the feedback-linearization direct torque control (FL-DTC) method for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive by using an improved firefly algorithm. The proposed approach can greatly restrain the poor performance of torque and stator flux.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Asymptomatic Iliac Vein Compression: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) may be associated with iliac vein compression. Up to now, the majority of data has come from a retrospective study about the correlation between DVT and iliac vein compression. This prospective study was to determine the incidence of DVT in individuals with iliac vein compression and identify risk factors predictive of DVT.

Management of Apical Periodontitis: Healing of Post-treatment Periapical Lesions Present 1 Year after Endodontic Treatment.

Introduction: Post-treatment periapical lesions present 1 year after treatment may heal during the second year or later. The aim of this study was to assess second-year volumetric changes in post-treatment periapical radiolucencies detected 1 year after treatment.

Methods: Post-treatment periapical radiolucencies were detected on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans obtained from 93 single-rooted teeth 1 year after endodontic treatment.

Effect of a two-step placement procedure on the dislocation resistance of a methacrylate resin-based root canal sealer: a proof of concept.

Purpose: To investigate whether the placement of a methacrylate root canal sealer or a conventional epoxy root canal sealer in two steps increases their dislocation resistance when compared to a one-step placement procedure.

Materials And Methods: Eighty single-rooted teeth were randomly allocated to 4 groups (n=20). All canals were instrumented to size 40, 0.

The validity of cone-beam computed tomography in measuring root canal length using a gold standard.

Introduction: The distance between a coronal reference point and the major apical foramen is important for working length determination. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the accuracy of root canal length measurements performed with cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans using a gold standard.

Methods: A total of 162 teeth (198 root canals) in 16 dry human dentulous mandibles were scanned using a 3DX-Accuitomo CBCT scanner (Morita 3DX; J Morita Mfg Corp, Kyoto, Japan).

Area and 3-dimensional volumetric changes of periapical lesions after root canal treatments.

Introduction: This study compared the changes in size of periapical lesions after root canal treatment as revealed by periapical radiography (PA) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging using area and 3-dimensional volumetric measurements and assessed the outcome of the treatments based on these parameters.

Methods: Both PA and CBCT scans were taken preoperatively and at recall. In total, 50 teeth (71 roots) with evidence of periapical bone loss on both PA and CBCT images were endodontically treated and followed for 10-37 months.

Radiographic healing after a root canal treatment performed in single-rooted teeth with and without ultrasonic activation of the irrigant: a randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of a root canal treatment with and without additional ultrasonic activation of the irrigant.

Methods: Single-rooted teeth with radiographic evidence of periapical bone loss were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups. In both groups syringe irrigation was performed, and in one group the irrigant was also activated by ultrasound.

The incidence of root microcracks caused by 3 different single-file systems versus the ProTaper system.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of root cracks observed at the apical root surface and/or in the canal wall after canal instrumentation with 3 single-file systems and the ProTaper system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

Methods: One hundred mandibular incisors were selected. Twenty control teeth were coronally flared with Gates-Glidden drills (Dentsply Maillefer).

Effects of self-adjusting file, Mtwo, and ProTaper on the root canal wall.

Introduction: The purpose of this ex vivo study was to observe the incidence of cracks in root dentin after root canal preparation with hand files, self-adjusting file (SAF), ProTaper, and Mtwo.

Methods: One hundred extracted mandibular premolars with single canals were randomly selected. Two angulated radiographs were taken for each tooth, and the width of the canal was measured at 9 mm from the apex.

Incidence of apical root cracks and apical dentinal detachments after canal preparation with hand and rotary files at different instrumentation lengths.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of apical root cracks and dentinal detachments after canal preparation with hand and rotary files at different instrumentation lengths.

Methods: Two hundred forty mandibular incisors were mounted in resin blocks with simulated periodontal ligaments, and the apex was exposed. The root canals were instrumented with rotary and hand files, namely K3, ProTaper, and nickel-titanium Flex K files to the major apical foramen (AF), short AF, or beyond AF.

Removal of gutta-percha from root canals using the self-adjusting file.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of the residual gutta-percha-occupied area (PRGPA) in root canals after retreatment using ProTaper retreatment files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with or without the additional use of Self-Adjusting Files (SAFs; ReDent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel).

Methods: Root canals in 33 curved mesiobuccal roots of the first maxillary molars were cleaned and filled with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer (Dentsply De Trey, Johnson City, TN). Retreatment instrumentation was performed in 28 roots with ProTaper retreatment files and Hedström files.

The association between complete absence of post-treatment periapical lesion and quality of root canal filling.

Aim: The technical quality of a root canal treatment is clinically judged by the apical extension and homogeneity of the filling material imaged by periapical radiographs (PA). The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the association between the technical quality of the root canal filling and treatment outcome.

Materials And Methods: In 234 teeth (268 roots) that underwent root-canal treatment, the quality of the root canal filling as well as the outcome of the treatment were assessed with both PA and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) 2 years after treatment.

The ability of cone-beam computerized tomography to detect vertical root fractures in endodontically treated and nonendodontically treated teeth: a report of 3 cases.

A definitive diagnosis of vertical root fracture (VRFs) is often a challenging task for clinicians. Two-dimensional periapical radiographs (PRs) may be not helpful in such a diagnosis when the x-ray beam is not parallel to the plane of the fracture line. This report presents a set of 3 cases in which 1 endodontically treated and 2 nonendodontically treated mandibular molars were diagnosed with VRFs based on findings from clinical, radiographic, and cone-beam computerized tomographic (CBCT) examinations.

The use of cone-beam computed tomography and digital periapical radiographs to diagnose root perforations.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and digital periapical radiographs (PR) in detecting strip and root perforations after root canal treatment in mandibular molars.

Methods: Forty-five curved mesial roots were endodontically prepared. Fifteen roots were perforated in the mesiolingual canal by inserting a rotary file through the canal curvature penetrating the root surface ("root perforation"), and 15 roots were perforated with a drill in the axial aspect of the canal ("strip perforation").

Endodontic outcome predictors identified with periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography scans.

Introduction: The outcome predictors identified with data from periapical radiographs (PA) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans might not be the same. This retrospective study evaluated various factors that might affect the outcome of root canal therapy.

Methods: In total, 115 teeth (143 roots) with vital pulps were endodontically treated and followed up 2 years after treatment.

Damage to root dentin during retreatment procedures.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of retreatment procedures on the appearance of defects on the root canal walls.

Methods: Two hundred mandibular premolars were divided into 4 groups. One group was left unprepared.

Long-term survival of indirect pulp treatment performed in primary and permanent teeth with clinically diagnosed deep carious lesions.

Introduction: This retrospective study examined clinically and radiographically the 3-year survival of teeth treated with indirect pulp treatment (IPT) performed between 2000 and 2004.

Methods: Sixty-six uncooperative children (4-18 years old) with at least one tooth with clinically diagnosed deep caries were included. Radiographically, the lesion depth was greater than two thirds of the dentin thickness.

Percentages of gutta-percha-filled canal area observed after increased apical enlargement.

Introduction: Increased apical enlargement might be achieved with S-ApeX files. However, S-ApeX preparations exhibit a small taper, which might hinder the performance of the root filling. The aim of this study was to compare the percentage of gutta-percha-filled canal areas (PGCA) in root canals after preparation with GT and S-ApeX instruments.

Comparison of 2 flushing methods used during passive ultrasonic irrigation of the root canal.

Objective: To determine the effect of irrigation time on the removal of dentin debris from root canals irrigated with passive ultrasonic irrigation comparing 2 flushing methods.

Method And Materials: Root canals with a standardized groove in 1 canal wall, which was filled with dentin debris, were irrigated ultrasonically or with syringe irrigation. The quantity of dentin debris after irrigation was determined.

The quality of single cone and laterally compacted gutta-percha fillings in small and curved root canals as evidenced by bidirectional radiographs and fluid transport measurements.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the quality of root fillings in small and curved root canals using bidirectional radiographs and fluid transport (FT) measurements.

Study Design: Root canals in eighty 38 degrees -curved mesial roots of mandibular molars were prepared using a balanced force technique. Samples were divided into 4 groups of 20 each and obturated by either the cold lateral compaction (LC) or the single cone (SC) technique, using either epoxy resin-based or zinc oxide-eugenol sealers.

Accuracy of periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography scans in diagnosing apical periodontitis using histopathological findings as a gold standard.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of two imaging methods in diagnosing apical periodontitis (AP) using histopathological findings as a gold standard.

Methods: The periapex of 83 treated or untreated roots of dogs' teeth was examined using periapical radiography (PR), cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, and histology. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy of PR and CBCT diagnosis were calculated.

Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography scans.

The purpose of this study was to compare the favorable outcome of root canal treatment determined by periapical radiographs (PRs) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Ninety-six roots of dogs' teeth were used to form four groups (n= 24). In group 1, root canal treatments were performed in healthy teeth.

The ability of different nickel-titanium rotary instruments to induce dentinal damage during canal preparation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of dentinal defects (fractures and craze lines) after canal preparation with different nickel-titanium rotary files. Two hundred sixty mandibular premolars were selected. Forty teeth were left unprepared (n = 40).