Percent articular exposure of the distal humerus with triceps fascial tongue approach compared with olecranon osteotomy.

Background: Distal humerus fractures are common and can be difficult to treat. No one approach to the distal humerus has been shown to be superior to another; however, the olecranon osteotomy remains the gold standard for complex, intra-articular fractures. Understanding the percent of articular exposure with approaches to the distal humerus is important for success.

A Novel Technique for a Successful Closed Reduction of a Bosworth Fracture-Dislocation of the Ankle.

The Bosworth fracture is defined as a bimalleolar fracture-dislocation of the ankle, with entrapment of the fibula behind the posterior tubercle of the distal tibia. In the current orthopedic literature, not only is this fracture pattern rare, but this type of fracture-dislocation has also been reported to be near impossible to close reduce, with the majority requiring early open reduction and internal fixation to prevent complications and poor clinical outcomes. Reported early complications include compartment syndrome and soft tissue complications from repeated closed reduction attempts.

Mapping the subcellular distribution of α-synuclein in neurons using genetically encoded probes for correlated light and electron microscopy: implications for Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.

Modifications to the gene encoding human α-synuclein have been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. The highly conserved structure of α-synuclein suggests a functional interaction with membranes, and several lines of evidence point to a role in vesicle-related processes within nerve terminals. Using recombinant fusions of human α-synuclein, including new genetic tags developed for correlated light microscopy and electron microscopy (the tetracysteine-biarsenical labeling system or the new fluorescent protein for electron microscopy, MiniSOG), we determined the distribution of α-synuclein when overexpressed in primary neurons at supramolecular and cellular scales in three dimensions (3D).

Deconstructing complexity: serial block-face electron microscopic analysis of the hippocampal mossy fiber synapse.

The hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) terminal is among the largest and most complex synaptic structures in the brain. Our understanding of the development of this morphologically elaborate structure has been limited because of the inability of standard electron microscopy techniques to quickly and accurately reconstruct large volumes of neuropil. Here we use serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) to surmount these limitations and investigate the establishment of MF connectivity during mouse postnatal development.

Investigating synapse formation and function using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons.

A major goal of stem-cell research is to identify conditions that reliably regulate their differentiation into specific cell types. This goal is particularly important for human stem cells if they are to be used for in vivo transplantation or as a platform for drug development. Here we describe the establishment of procedures to direct the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells into forebrain neurons that are capable of forming synaptic connections.