Trends in Aptasensing and the Enhancement of Diagnostic Efficiency and Accuracy.

The field of healthcare diagnostics is navigating complex challenges driven by evolving patient demographics and the rapid advancement of new technologies worldwide. In response to these challenges, these biosensors offer distinctive advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, such as cost-effectiveness, enhanced specificity, and adaptability, making their integration with point-of-care (POC) platforms more feasible. In recent years, aptasensors have significantly evolved in diagnostic capabilities through the integration of emerging technologies such as microfluidics, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems, wearable devices, and machine learning (ML), driving progress in precision medicine and global healthcare solutions.

NbCTx-supported bimetallic NPs@ZIF-8 nanohybrid as ECL signal amplifier and peroxidase mimics for chromogranin a immunosensing in human serum and saliva.

Niobium carbide (NbCTx), a key component of the MXene family renowned for its utilization in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, remains largely underutilized in biosensing applications. This study introduces a notably sensitive and label-free dual-mode electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and colorimetric immunosensor to specifically detect chromogranin A (CgA) in biological fluids. Initially, AuAg bimetallic nanoparticles (BiMNPs) were synthesized using NbCTx as a reducing and supporting material.

Detection of Tetracycline with a CRISPR/Cas12a Aptasensor Using a Highly Efficient Fluorescent Polystyrene Microsphere Reporter System.

CRISPR-based diagnostics use the CRISPR-Cas system -cleavage activity to identify specific target sequences. When activated, this activity cleaves surrounding reporter molecules, producing a detectable signal. This technique has great specificity, sensitivity, and rapid detection, making it an important molecular diagnostic tool for medical and infectious disease applications.

Electrochemical Nanoaptasensor Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zirconium Dioxide/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Human Serum and Saliva.

In this study, a nanocomposite was synthesized by incorporating graphitic carbon nanosheets, carboxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and zirconium oxide nanoparticles. The resulting nanocomposite was utilized for the modification of a glassy carbon electrode. Subsequently, matrix metalloproteinase aptamer (Apt) was immobilized onto the electrode surface through the application of ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride--hydroxysuccinimide (EDC-NHS) chemistry.

CeO nanozyme mediated RPA/CRISPR-Cas12a dual-mode biosensor for detection of invA gene in Salmonella.

This study reports a novel biosensing system that leverages recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in conjunction with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a technology, integrated with a nanozyme (NZ) based on cerium dioxide (CeO). With the integration of CeO NZ, a dual-mode detection platform could be developed for Salmonella detection using fluorometric and colourimetric assays. The CRISPR/Cas12a system, when activated in the presence of target DNA, could cleave the FAM-labelled probe to lead to a fluorometric response.

A novel and ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor based on nanocellulose-TiCT@ZrO nano framework for the detection of ovalbumin.

A versatile and highly sensitive sensing platform based on nanocellulose/MXene/ZrO nano framework has been developed at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for detecting ovalbumin (Ova). To create this innovative nano framework, dialdehyde groups were introduced onto the surface of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which were then decorated with MXene nanosheets and nanostructured zirconia. Nanocellulose/MXene/ZrO2 nano framework was used as electrochemical mediator and immobilization environment that provided the large surface area and 197 % increment in the electrochemical signal which allowed the Ova detection in the femtomolar range.

Nanohybrid nanozyme based colourimetric immunosensor for porcine gelatin.

Enzyme mimicking nanomaterials, nanozymes, have gained considerable interest in the scientific community because of their superior properties compared to natural enzymes, including their high stability at extreme conditions, cheaper availability, and ease of synthesis. Herein, we report novel colloidal gold nanoparticles - graphene nanoplatelets - chitosan (CS) with peroxidase mimicking properties used to carry out highly sensitive and selective immunoassay for porcine gelatin detection. The interaction between anti-gelatin antibody conjugated nanozyme with porcine gelatin proteins produced an ultrasensitive immunoassay response in the form of a colourimetric signal directly proportional to the porcine gelatin protein concentration.

A CRISPR/Cas12a-based fluorescence aptasensor for the rapid and sensitive detection of ampicillin.

This study introduces CRISPR/Cas-based aptasensor for the highly sensitive and specific detection of the antibiotic, ampicillin. Ampicillin (AMPI) is a commonly used antibiotic for treating pathogenic bacteria and is additionally added to livestock feed in agriculture. This study can enable early detection of antibiotic residues, prevent their accumulation in the environment, and ensure compliance with food safety regulations.

Nanozymes towards Personalized Diagnostics: A Recent Progress in Biosensing.

This review highlights the recent advancements in the field of nanozymes and their applications in the development of point-of-care biosensors. The use of nanozymes as enzyme-mimicking components in biosensing systems has led to improved performance and miniaturization of these sensors. The unique properties of nanozymes, such as high stability, robustness, and surface tunability, make them an attractive alternative to traditional enzymes in biosensing applications.

An electrochemical aptasensor based on AuNRs/AuNWs for sensitive detection of apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) from human serum.

For early detection and diagnosis of cancer, it is essential to develop an electrochemical biosensor that is quick, accurate, and sensitive. Here, we use gold nanorod (AuNR) and gold nanowire (AuNW) nanocomposites (AuNR/AuNW/CS) as electrode modifiers on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to construct a sensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensor to detect ApoA1. The thiolated ApoA1-specific aptamers were immobilized onto the modified electrode surface through self-assembled monolayers.

Recent trends and developments of PCR-based methods for the detection of food-borne bacteria and Norovirus.

In recent years, rapid detection methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) have been continuously developed to improve the detection of food-borne pathogens in food samples. The recent developments of PCR and qPCR in the detection and identification of these food-borne pathogens are described and elaborated throughout this review. Specifically, further developments and improvements of qPCR are discussed in detecting and norovirus.

Nanozyme-based sensors for detection of food biomarkers: a review.

Nanozymes have piqued the curiosity of scientists in recent years because of their ability to demonstrate enzyme-like activity combined with advantages such as high stability, inexpensive availability, robust activity, and tunable properties. These attributes have allowed the successful application of nanozymes in sensing to detect various chemical and biological target analytes, overcoming the shortcomings of conventional detection techniques. In this review, we discuss recent developments of nanozyme-based sensors to detect biomarkers associated with food quality and safety.

Novel nanocomposite of spiky-shaped gold nanourchins/ titanium dioxide/nafion for amplified signal and efficient electrochemiluminescence detection of ovomucoid.

This work reports on the first electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor employing a novel nanostructured composite of titanium dioxide (TiO) and gold nanourchins (AuNU) to detect protein allergen Ovomucoid (Ovm) found in eggs. TiO and AuNU were dispersed in Nafion and drop-casted onto SPGE with Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)-ruthenium (II) ([Ru(bpy)]) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) served as strong luminophore/co-reactant pairs as a source of ECL signals. The linear range, limit of detection, reproducibility and practical applications of the sensor were assessed.

Nanomaterials as signal amplification elements in aptamer-based electrochemiluminescent biosensors.

Biosensor technology is experiencing an unprecedented momentum that is driven by rapid advances in material science for utilization in various fields, and is constantly evolving to develop fast, simple and sensitive sensors. Here, we present a comprehensive and concise review on electrochemiluminescent (ECL) nanomaterial-based aptasensors including challenges and applications. ECL aptasensor combines the merits of a biosensor, selectivity of an aptamer, and sensitivity of ECL to construct sensitive and selective sensors.

A solid-state electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for β-lactoglobulin using Ru-AuNP/GNP/Naf nanocomposite-modified printed sensor.

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor for the detection of the milk protein allergen β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) using nanocomposite as luminophore was fabricated. The Ru-AuNPs/GNP/Naf complex was formed by combining the Rubpy-AuNPs complex (Ru-AuNPs), prepared by modifying the negatively charged surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with positively charged Rubpy through electrostatic interactions and the graphene nanoplatelets-Nafion (GNP/Naf) at a ratio of 2:1. The nanocomposite was coated on the surface of the screen-printed electrode (SPCE) through the film-forming properties of Nafion.

Recent trends in nanomaterial-based signal amplification in electrochemical aptasensors.

Ultrasensitive biosensors have become a necessity in the world of scientific research, and several signal enhancement strategies have been employed to attain exceptionally low detection limits. Nanotechnology turns out to be a strong contender for signal amplification, as they can be employed as platform modifiers, catalysts, carriers or labels. Here, we have described the most recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials as signal amplification components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors.

A Highly Sensitive Label-free Aptasensor Based on Gold Nanourchins and Carbon Nanohorns for the Detection of Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2).

A synergistic nanocomposite film composed of gold nanourchins (AuNU), oxidised carbon nanohorns (CNH), and chitosan functioned as an electrode modifier in the fabrication of the sensitive lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) aptasensor. The AuNUs/CNH/CS composite increased the surface area and thereby amplified the signal transduction. The amine-terminated LCN-2 aptamer was immobilised through the amide bond formed between the carboxyl group of polyglutamic acid (PGA) and the amine group of aptamer.

Gold-microrods/Pd-nanoparticles/polyaniline-nanocomposite-interface as a peroxidase-mimic for sensitive detection of tropomyosin.

In this study, Gold-microrods (AuMRs), Pd-nanoparticles (PdNPs), and Polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite-interface was fabricated on the screen-printed carbon-microelectrode (SPE). Each layer of the interface was characterised using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The fabricated SPE/AuMRs/PdNPs/PANI interface demonstrated the highest electronic current and showed excellent peroxidase-mimic towards HO using chronoamperometry (CA).

A Label-free Cardiac Troponin T Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Enhanced by Graphene Nanoplatelets.

In this study, a direct and label-free immunosensor was designed and constructed by modifying the screen-printed electrode with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) for the detection of the cardiac troponin T (cTnT). Firstly, GNPs were drop-casted onto carbon working electrode. Monoclonal cTnT antibodies were then immobilized on the GNPs via physical adsorption; finally, BSA was introduced to block non-specific binding sites.

Recent developments in colorimetric immunoassays using nanozymes and plasmonic nanoparticles.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a popular detection technique for the screening and diagnosis of diseases. The sensitivity of ELISA can be increased by the incorporation of nanoparticles. Through this article, we discuss the utilization of nanoparticles in ELISA.

Enzyme-free Gold-silver Core-shell Nanozyme Immunosensor for the Detection of Haptoglobin.

Nanoparticles have been widely developed and shown to have intrinsic enzymatic ability, and are used in biosensors. Compared to biological enzymes used in biosensors, which are expensive and tedious to harvest, enzyme-mimic nanoparticles or nanozymes are both more stable and sensitive. An important area in this work is the development of a simple detection principle of immunosensor based on the one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticle seeded onto a gold core.

AuNPs/CNOs/SWCNTs/chitosan-nanocomposite modified electrochemical sensor for the label-free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen.

In this work, a nanocomposite of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), carbon nano-onions (CNOs), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and chitosan (CS) (AuNPs/CNOs/SWCNTs/CS) was prepared for the development of highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), clinical tumor marker. Firstly, layer-by-layer fabrication of the CEA-immunosensors was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). By combining the advantages of large surface area and electronic properties of AuNPs, CNOs, SWCNTs, and film forming properties of CS, AuNPs/CNOs/SWCNTs/CS-nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode showed a 200% increase in effective surface area and electronic conductivity.

Meat species identification using DNA-luminol interaction and their slow diffusion onto the biochip surface.

Recently, there has been a growing concern of consumers on the authenticity of food ingredients including adulteration with porcine and/or its derivatives. Therefore, this work reports on the development of a novel, simple, sensitive and rapid luminol-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technique for Sus scrofa (Porcine) DNA detection. Porcine DNA was firstly amplified using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method and subsequently added to luminol solution for further ECL analysis for quantification.