Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 mitochondrial genomes.

Introduction: Codon usage bias is a prevalent phenomenon observed across various species and genes. However, the specific attributes of codon usage in the mitochondrial genome of species remain unknown.

Methods: In this study, we investigated the codon bias of 12 mitochondrial core protein-coding genes (PCGs) in 9 species, including 13 strains.

The first two mitochondrial genomes from Apiotrichum reveal mitochondrial evolution and different taxonomic assignment of Trichosporonales.

Apiotrichum is a diverse anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast genus, and its mitogenome characterization has not been revealed. In this study, we assembled two Apiotrichum mitogenomes and compared them with mitogenomes from Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina. The mitogenomes of Apiotrichum gracile and A.

Transcriptome analysis reveals insight into the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against cadmium toxicity in Ganoderma lucidum (Polyporales: Polyporaceae).

Ganoderma lucidum is widely cultivated and used as traditional medicine in China and other Asian countries. As a member of macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum is also prone to bioaccumulation of cadmium and other heavy metals in a polluted environment, which affects the growth and production of Ganoderma lucidum, as well as human health. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is considered a general antioxidant and free radical scavenger that is involved in the regulation of various stress responses in plants and animals.

Autophagy Promotes α-Amanitin-Induced Apoptosis of Hepa1-6 Liver Cells.

It is estimated that 90% of deaths from food poisoning in China can be attributed to poisoning, whose main toxin is α-amanitin. Studies showed that apoptosis plays a critical role in liver injuries induced by α-amanitin. Although the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in different liver models has been addressed many times, whether autophagy plays a pro or con effect on α-amanitin-induced apoptosis has not been clarified.

Evolutionary Insights Into Two Widespread Ectomycorrhizal Fungi () From Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes.

The genus is a group of global ectomycorrhizal fungi. The characterizations of mitochondrial genomes have still been unknown. In the present study, the complete mitogenomes of two species, , and , were assembled and compared with other Boletales mitogenomes.

The mitogenomes of two saprophytic Boletales species () reveals intron dynamics and accumulation of plasmid-derived and non-conserved genes.

The order Boletales is a group of fungi with complex life styles, which include saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushroom-forming fungi. In the present study, the complete mitogenomes of two saprophytic Boletales species, , and , were assembled and compared with mitogenomes of ectomycorrhizal Boletales. Both mitogenomes comprised circular DNA molecules with sizes of 78,350 bp and 79,655 bp, respectively.

The first eleven mitochondrial genomes from the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus (Boletus) reveal intron loss and gene rearrangement.

In the present study, eleven novel complete mitogenomes of Boletus were assembled and compared. The eleven complete mitogenomes were all composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes ranging from 32,883 bp to 48,298 bp. The mitochondrial gene arrangement of Boletus varied greatly from other Boletales mitogenomes, and gene position reversal were observed frequently in the evolution of Boletus.

Author Correction: The Genome Sequences of 90 Mushrooms.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The Genome Sequences of 90 Mushrooms.

Macrofungus is defined as the fungus that grows an observable sporocarp. The sporocarps of many species are commonly called mushrooms and consumed by people all around the world as food and/or medicine. Most macrofungi belong to the divisions Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, which are estimated to contain more than 80,000 species in total.

Study of heavy metal concentrations in wild edible mushrooms in Yunnan Province, China.

Contamination with heavy metals in several species of edible mushrooms from the Yunnan Province in China was determined. Samples were collected from 16 locations in the Yunnan Province, and the contamination levels of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of essential elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in the mushrooms were at typical levels.