UV-dependent freshwater effect factor of nanoscale titanium dioxide for future life cycle assessment application.

Environmental impacts of nanoscale titanium dioxide (TiO ) should be assessed throughout the lifetime of nanoparticles (NPs) to improve the state of knowledge of the overall sustainability. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been previously recognized as a promising approach to systematically evaluating environmental impacts of NPs. As a result of their unique nanospecific properties, characterization factors (CF) were previously used for compensating the release and potential impacts of TiO NPs.