Determination of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Pollutants in Water Samples Using Ionic Liquids and Ionic Liquid-Modified Sorbents.

Water pollution, especially by inorganic and organic substances, is considered as a critical problem worldwide. Several governmental agencies are listing an increasing number of compounds as serious problems in water because of their toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence. In recent decades, there has been considerable research on developing analytical methods of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from water.

Multi-phase extraction of ephedrine from Pinellia ternata and herbal medicine using molecular imprinted polymer coated ionic liquid-based silica.

Introduction: Ephedrine is a typical compound found in lots of plant species that is used in several medicines for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. However, excess amounts are harmful to humans, so it needs to be removed.

Objective: This study developed a multi-phase extraction (MPE) method with a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) coated ionic liquid (IL)-based silica (SiO @IL@MIP) to simultaneously extract and separate ephedrine from Pinellia ternata, 10 medicines, and urine samples.

Isolation of aristolochic acid I from herbal plant using molecular imprinted polymer composited ionic liquid-based zeolitic imidazolate framework-67.

Aristolochic acid I is a toxic compound found in the genus of Aristolochia plants, which are commonly used as herbal cough treatment medicines. To remove the aristolochic acid I in extract efficiently and selectively, a molecularly imprinted polymer composed of ethylimidazole ionic liquid-based zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 was synthesized and used as the adsorbent. Under the conditions optimized by the software design expert, the sorbent showed highest adsorption amount of 34.

Dual ionic liquid-immobilized silicas for multi-phase extraction of aristolochic acid from plants and herbal medicines.

A convenient, and efficient multi-phase extraction method was used to isolate aristolochic acid from real samples. To increase the efficiency, a new dual ionic liquid-immobilized silica was used as a sorbent and the effects of the adsorption conditions were investigated. IM-BIM@Sil in a methanol/water (60:40, v/v) solution at 60 °C extracted the highest amount of aristolochic acid (16.

Isolation of Aflatoxin B1 from Moldy Foods by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Bifunctional Ionic Liquid-Based Silicas.

A solid-phase extraction method was developed by using new bifunctional ionic liquid-based silicas as sorbents to isolate aflatoxin B1 from moldy corn and peanut. Firstly, according to the adsorption efficiency, two sorbents imidazolium chloride-butylimidazolium chloride-based silica (Sil@BIm-Im) and imidazolium chloride-hexylimidazolium chloride-based silica (Sil@HIm-Im) were selected. The RSM was introduced to optimize adsorption conditions such as methanol/water ratio, time, and pH.

High Performance Composite Polymer Electrolytes Doped With Spherical-Like and Honeycomb Structural LiCaTiO Particles.

The spherical-like and honeycomb structural LiCaTiO particles are prepared by spray drying combined with following calcination confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The poly (vinylidene fluoride--hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP))-based composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) modified with the particles are fabricated by phase inversion and activation processes. The characterization results show that the as-prepared CPE membranes possess the smoothest surface and most abundant micropores with the lowest crystallinity with adding the particles into the polymer matrix, which results in high ionic conductivity (3.

Separation of glucose and bioethanol in biomass with current methods and sorbents.

Glucose is primarily derived from plant metabolism; it is the primary source of energy for cellular respiration in living organisms. Bioethanol, which is used as fuel, can be obtained from the fermentation of biomass. This article summarizes the current methods of separating glucose and bioethanol.

Determination of organic acids in Salicornia herbacea by solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography.

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the determination of procatechuic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid in Salicornia herbacea L. (Hamcho) has been developed. The optimal conditions were obtained by using a C18 SPE cartridge.

Evaluation of alcohol-based deep eutectic solvent in extraction and determination of flavonoids with response surface methodology optimization.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging rapidly as a new type of green solvent instead of an ionic liquid (IL), and are typically formed by mixing choline chloride with hydrogen bond donors. Few studies have applied DESs to the extraction and determination of bioactive compounds. Therefore, in the present study, DESs were used to extract flavonoids (myricetin and amentoflavone), which are well known and widely used antioxidants, to extend their applications.

Evaluation of molecularly imprinted anion-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s by multi-phase dispersive extraction of flavonoids from plant.

Molecularly imprinted anion-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s (MAPILs) were prepared by radical polymerization for the multi-phase dispersive extraction (MPDE) of flavonoids from plants. Poly(ionic liquid)s were functionalized with different anions via anion metathesis to enhance their separation efficiency, called anion-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s (APILs). A molecularly imprinting technique was introduced to produce specific recognition sites by forming complexes between the template molecules and anion-functionalized ionic liquid monomers to reduce the interactions with the interference substances and increase the selectivity.

Application of ionic liquid for extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from plants.

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs), as green and designer solvents, have accelerated research in analytical chemistry. This review highlights some of the unique properties of ILs and provides an overview of the preparation and application of IL or IL-based materials to extract bioactive compounds in plants. IL or IL-based materials in conjunction with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) analytical technologies etc.

Multi-phase extraction of glycoraphanin from broccoli using aminium ionic liquid-based silica.

Introduction: Glucosinolates, a class of phytochemicals found in broccoli, have attracted recent interest due to the potential health benefits associated with their dietary intake. Glucoraphanin, the most common glucosinolate in broccoli can be converted to a known cancer chemopreventive agent. Multi-phase extraction in solid-phase extraction cartridges was developed to simultaneously extract and separate this compound.

Simultaneous extraction and separation of flavonols and flavones from Chamaecyparis obtusa by multi-phase extraction using an ionic liquid-modified microsphere polymer.

Introduction: Flavonols and flavones, especially quercitrin, myricetin and amentoflavone, are the main anti-bacterial and anti-cancer compounds in Chamaecyparis obtuse. Multi-phase extraction is a new method that can extract and separate target compounds simultaneously.

Objective: An amino ionic liquid immobilised microsphere polymer was used as a multi-phase extraction sorbent to extract and separate quercitrin, myricetin and amentoflavone from Chamaecyparis obtusa.

Facile synthesis and application of poly(ionic liquid)-bonded silica hybrid materials.

Facile methods were developed to prepare hybrid poly(ionic liquid)-bonded silica for a wide range of applications, particularly in analytical chemistry. The hybrid material obtained was evaluated by comparing its adsorption capacity with other conventional separation materials. In addition, the hybrid material has the potential for industrial scale production.

Selective extraction and separation of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens Ait. extract by silica-confined ionic liquid.

This study highlighted the application of a two-stepped extraction method for extraction and separation of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens Ait. extract by utilizing silica-confined ionic liquids as sorbent. The optimized silica-confined ionic liquid was firstly mixed with plant extract to adsorb oxymatrine.

Separation of monosaccharides by solid-phase extraction with ionic liquid-modified microporous polymers.

Ionic liquid-modified porous polymers with large surface area and large amount of functional groups were developed and used in SPE to separate four monosaccharides. Adsorption isotherm showed that the sorbent with amino ionic liquid groups had the highest interaction with the target compounds. The mobile phase of acetonitrile/water 85:15 and 73:30 v/v can successfully separate the monosaccharides.

Separation of phenolic acids from natural plant extracts using molecularly imprinted anion-exchange polymer confined ionic liquids.

Polymer-confined ionic liquids were used for the separation of phenolic acids from natural plant extract by utilizing an anion-exchange mechanism. They were synthesized using molecular imprinting technique to reduce non-directional ion-ion interactions during anion-exchange and other interactions with interference substances that could decrease selectivity. A suitable sorbent for phenolic acid separation could be identified based on the adsorption behaviors of phenolic acids on different polymer-confined ionic liquids.

Extraction and concentration of tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by task-specific non-ionic surfactant assistance.

Organic solvents were widely used for extraction of bioactive compounds from different functional foods and nutraceuticals. However, the involvement of toxic and volatile organic solvents causes significant environmental problems. In order to overcome the shortages, non-ionic surfactant-assisted extraction was proposed as an alternative, effective, cheap and green extraction method.

Ultrasonication-assisted extraction and preconcentration of medicinal products from herb by ionic liquids.

Ionic liquid-based extraction of medicinal or useful compounds from plants was investigated as an alternative to supercritical fluid, cloud point and conventional organic solvent extractions. The method integrated extraction and preconcentration. Medicinal products were first extracted by an ionic liquid solution, part of which was then converted to a hydrophobic form by anion metathesis for preconcentration.

Molecular imprinting in ionic liquid-modified porous polymer for recognitive separation of three tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.

Five ionic liquid-modified porous polymers with different imidazolium-based functional groups were obtained. A molecular imprinting technique was introduced to form the ordered functional groups in the porous structure. The adsorption isotherm was applied to investigate the interactions between the polymers and target compounds: cryptotanshinone; tanshinone I; tanshinone IIA.

Chiral separation and determination of ofloxacin enantiomers by ionic liquid-assisted ligand-exchange chromatography.

A simple and accurate method for the separation and determination of ofloxacin enantiomers was developed by ionic liquid-assisted ligand-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. Both achiral and chiral ionic liquids were tested for their efficiency of ofloxacin enantiomeric separation. The effects of ligands, concentration of metal ion, organic modifier, pH of the mobile phase, and temperature were also investigated and evaluated.

Solid-phase extraction of liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from licorice using porous alkyl-pyridinium polymer sorbent.

Introduction: Liquiritin and glycyrrhizin are valuable components of licorice. An effective separation and determination procedure is needed to separate the liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from the licorice extract.

Methodology: A polymer-confined, ionic liquid sorbent was developed using a process involving polymerisation and modification.

Task-specific ionic liquid-assisted extraction and separation of astaxanthin from shrimp waste.

Astaxanthin, as an outstanding antioxidant reagent, was successfully extracted from shrimp waste by the ionic liquids based ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Seven kinds of imidazolium ionic liquids with different cations and anions were investigated in this work and one task-specific ionic liquid in ethanol with 0.50molL(-1) was selected as the solvent.

Effect of mobile phase additives on the resolution of four bioactive compounds by RP-HPLC.

The use of mobile phase additives enhances the separation and resolution of the bioactive compounds on the C(18) column. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and scoparone from Herba Artemisiae Scopariae were investigated as the target compounds. Acetic acid, triethylamine, inorganic salts, and several ionic liquids were added as mobile phase additives into methanol/water (40:60, v/v).

Solid-phase extraction of matrine and oxymatrine from Sophora Flavescens Ait using amino-imidazolium polymer.

A new, polymer-confined, ionic liquid sorbent was developed by a process involving polymerization and modification. The obtained particles were successfully used as a special sorbent in SPE process to isolate matrine and oxymatrine from Sophora Flavescens Ait. Different washing and elution solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and methanol/triethylamine (90:10, v/v), were evaluated.