Analgesic Effect of Intrathecal Morphine Combined with Low-Dose Bupivacaine on Postoperative Analgesia after Liver Resection: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Although intrathecal morphine and bupivacaine are increasingly implemented in effective postoperative pain control, there is a lack of consensus on the dosage as high doses of bupivacaine may inadvertently cause unwanted side effects. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of intrathecal morphine injection and low-dose bupivacaine with morphine injection. In total, 90 patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) sham injection for the control group; (2) morphine 400 mcg for the morphine group (M); and (3) morphine 400 mcg and bupivacaine 5 mg for the morphine and bupivacaine group (M + B).

Beneficial effect of intravenous magnesium during endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric neoplasm.

Background: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been revealed as an effective treatment of early gastric neoplasm and should be performed under sedation with adequate pain control. Magnesium sulfate has analgesic, sedative, and sympatholytic properties. This study examined the effects of intravenous magnesium 50 mg/kg administered before ESD for gastric neoplasm on analgesic and sedative consumptions during ESD and pain after ESD.

Extracellular vesicles derived from gut microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, protect the progression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.

Gut microbiota play an important part in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, owing to the complexity of the gut microbiota, our understanding of the roles of commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut is evolving only slowly. Here, we evaluated the role of gut microbiota and their secreting extracellular vesicles (EV) in the development of mucosal inflammation in the gut.