Hypoxia regulates the mitochondrial activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through HIF/HEY1/PINK1 pathway.

Hypoxia is commonly found in cancers. Hypoxia, due to the lack of oxygen (O) as the electron recipient, causes inefficient electron transfer through the electron transport chain at the mitochondria leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which could create irreversible cellular damages. Through hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) which elicits various molecular events, cells are able to overcome low O.

Targeting reactive nitrogen species: a promising therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemic stroke accounts for nearly 80% of stroke cases. Recanalization with thrombolysis is a currently crucial therapeutic strategy for re-building blood supply, but the thrombolytic therapy often companies with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, which are mediated by free radicals. As an important component of free radicals, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), play important roles in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Breast tissue accumulation of retinamides in a randomized short-term study of fenretinide.

Purpose: The synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide [4-HPR (or fenretinide)] has preclinical and clinical preventive activity in breast carcinogenesis. 4-HPR and its metabolites have been shown to accumulate in the mammary tissue of rodents. We assessed levels of 4-HPR and its major metabolite, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR), in plasma and in normal and neoplastic breast tissue obtained from women treated with 4-HPR.