Role of Ambient Hydrogen in HiPIMS-ITO Film during Annealing Process in a Large Temperature Range.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and annealed in hydrogen-containing forming gas to reduce the film resistivity. The film resistivity reduces by nearly an order of magnitude from 5.6 × 10 Ω·cm for the as-deposited film to the lowest value of 6.

Properties and Mechanism of PEALD-InO Thin Films Prepared by Different Precursor Reaction Energy.

Indium oxide (InO) film has excellent optical and electrical properties, which makes it useful for a multitude of applications. The preparation of InO film via atomic layer deposition (ALD) method remains an issue as most of the available In-precursors are inactive and thermally unstable. In this work, InO film was prepared by ALD using a remote O plasma as oxidant, which provides highly reactive oxygen radicals, and hence significantly enhancing the film growth.

Air Annealing Effect on Oxygen Vacancy Defects in Al-doped ZnO Films Grown by High-Speed Atmospheric Atomic Layer Deposition.

In this study, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO) thin films were grown by high-speed atmospheric atomic layer deposition (AALD), and the effects of air annealing on film properties are investigated. The experimental results show that the thermal annealing can significantly reduce the amount of oxygen vacancies defects as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra due to the in-diffusion of oxygen from air to the films. As shown by X-ray diffraction, the annealing repairs the crystalline structure and releases the stress.

Suppression of Oxygen Vacancy Defects in sALD-ZnO Films Annealed in Different Conditions.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has drawn much attention due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this study, ZnO film was prepared by a high-deposition-rate spatial atomic layer deposition (ALD) and subjected to a post-annealing process to suppress the intrinsic defects and improve the crystallinity and film properties. The results show that the film thickness increases with annealing temperature owing to the increment of oxide layer caused by the suppression of oxygen vacancy defects as indicated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra.

Zinc Oxide Films with High Transparency and Crystallinity Prepared by a Low Temperature Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition Process.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) attracts much attention owing to its remarkable electrical and optical properties for applications in optoelectronics. In this study, ZnO thin films were prepared by spatial atomic layer deposition with diethylzinc and water as precursors. The substrate temperature was varied from 55 to 135 °C to investigate the effects on the optical, electrical, and structural properties of the films.

[Research progress on plate mixed culture of lignocellulolytic microorganisms].

Mixed culture of microorganisms has been widely used for the research of lignocellulose transformation and degradation, but the results of the mixed culture are largely affected by the interactions of different lignocellulolytic microorganisms. At present, the researches on these interactions are mainly based on plate mixed culture assay. For this assay, two types of plate were used, namely, basic medium plate and improved medium plate.

[Succession of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria community structure during agricultural waste composting].

The dynamic succession of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) community during the agricultural waste composting was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The changes of pile temperature, pH, moisture content, soluble NH4(+) -N and NO3(-)-N were measured. DGGE results showed that the Shannon-Weaver index changed from 2.

Norm-observable operator models.

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are one of the most popular and successful statistical models for time series. Observable operator models (OOMs) are generalizations of HMMs that exhibit several attractive advantages. In particular, a variety of highly efficient, constructive, and asymptotically correct learning algorithms are available for OOMs.

Making the error-controlling algorithm of observable operator models constructive.

Observable operator models (OOMs) are a class of models for stochastic processes that properly subsumes the class that can be modeled by finite-dimensional hidden Markov models (HMMs). One of the main advantages of OOMs over HMMs is that they admit asymptotically correct learning algorithms. A series of learning algorithms has been developed, with increasing computational and statistical efficiency, whose recent culmination was the error-controlling (EC) algorithm developed by the first author.

A bound on modeling error in observable operator models and an associated learning algorithm.

Observable operator models (OOMs) generalize hidden Markov models (HMMs) and can be represented in a structurally similar matrix formalism. The mathematical theory of OOMs gives rise to a family of constructive, fast, and asymptotically correct learning algorithms, whose statistical efficiency, however, depends crucially on the optimization of two auxiliary transformation matrices. This optimization task is nontrivial; indeed, even formulating computationally accessible optimality criteria is not easy.

[Surgical management of old vertical unstable pelvic fractures].

Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of open reduction and internal fixation in the management of old vertical unstable pelvic fractures.

Methods: In the 9 cases with surgical treatment for pelvic fractures, combination of the anterior and posterior approaches was adopted.

Results: In the follow-up lasting for 6-30 months, all pelvic fractures were reduced satisfactorily.

[Iontophoresis with traditional Chinese herbal medicine accelerates the healing of bone fracture].

Objective: To observe the effect of iontophoresis with traditional Chinese herbal medicine on the healing of bone fracture.

Methods: Twelve New Zealand rabbits with tibial fracture were treated by iontophoresis with traditional Chinese herbal medicine. A retrospective study of 52 clinical cases of tibial fracture treated with the iontophoresis was also performed in comparison with 50 control cases.