[Enzymology of snails under treatment of molluscicides].

Studies on the enzymology of snails are important in the study of molluscicidal mechanism. The alteration of activities of enzymes after molluscicidal treatment was reported in large numbers of papers. This paper reviews the progress of studies on the enzymology of snails under the treatment of molluscicides.

[Progress of molecular detection of ].

Schistosomiasis diagnosis plays an important role in the schistosomiasis control. The early detection of schistosomiasis can help to find the infectious source and prevent advanced schistosomiasis effectively. Up to now, serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis are used commonly to detect the infection of .

Morphological and enzymatical observations in Oncomelania hupensis after molluscicide treatment: implication for future molluscicide development.

A preparation of niclosamide named 50 % wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN), the only chemical molluscicide available in China, has been widely used for Oncomelania hupensis control over the past 20 years, but its molluscicidal mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Recently, a derivative of niclosamide, the salt of quinoid-2',5-dichloro-4'-nitro-salicylanilide (Liu Dai Shui Yang An, LDS), has been proven to have equivalent molluscicidal effects as WPN but with lower cost and significantly lower toxicity to fish than WPN. In our previous study, gene expression profiling of O.

[Effect and mechanism of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells on protective efficacy of protein vaccine against in mice].

Objective: To explore the effect and mechanism of CD4CD25 Tregs (Tregs) on the protective efficacy of gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) against in mice.

Methods: Female BALB/c mice were divided randomly into five groups：a normal control group, an infected control group, an anti-CD25mAb group, a GST immunization group and a combination group with GST immunization and anti-CD25 mAb. The GST group and combination group were injected percutaneously with GST 50 μg each mouse, the other two groups were injected with equal volume PBS.

[The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse B Cell Activation on Schistosoma japonicum Development].

Objective: To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B cell activation on the development of Schistosoma japonicum.

Methods: Eighteen BALB/c nude mice deficient in T cells and 23 BALB/c SCID mice deficient in T and B cells were used in this study. Each was infected with 30 ± 1 S.

[Research progress of immunoregulation of B cells to schistosome infection].

Recent studies found that B cell subsets and their factors have double effects on anti- and aiding schistosome infection. This article summarizes the research progress of positive and negative immunoregulation of schistosome infection involving B lymphocytes, antibody and regulatory B cells (Bregs) relating cytokines (IL-10, IL-7 and TGF-β).

De Novo transcriptome analysis of Oncomelania hupensis after molluscicide treatment by next-generation sequencing: implications for biology and future snail interventions.

The freshwater snail Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, which causes schistosomiasis. This disease is endemic in the Far East, especially in mainland China. Because niclosamide is the only molluscicide recommended by the World Health Organization, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPN), the only chemical molluscicide available in China, has been widely used as the main snail control method for over two decades.

[Views for research development of control of parasitic diseases].

With the social and technological development, new understandings have been emerged for the research development of the control of parasitic diseases. The present review argues that: the traditional point of view for the control of parasitic diseases, eliminating parasites/media, should be updated. For the long-term interests of science and human perspective, biological diversity, including the parasite biodiversity, and ecological environment should be paid much more attention during the control of parasitic diseases.

Effect of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 on CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in murine schistosomiasis japonica.

In a previous study we demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) contributed to the escape of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) from the host's immune responses. In this paper, we studied the effect of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs in murine Schistosomiasis japonica and its corresponding role in the immune evasion of S.

Cloning and characterization of a bone morphogenetic protein homologue of Schistosoma japonicum.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis in many vertebrates and invertebrates through the TGF-β signaling pathway. Although the TGF-β signaling pathway exists in schistosomes, BMP homologue, a ligand of TGF-β in Schistosoma japonicum, has not yet been identified. In this study, a BMP homologue of S.

[Progress of research on mechanism of growth and development of schistosomula of Schistosoma].

The specific molecular targets of schistosomula have been investigated for being new vaccine candidates. The mechanism of the growth and development of the skin-stage, lung-stage and hepatic schistosomula may be related to the immune regulation, signal transduction, sex-differentiation and apoptosis. Actin et al are important molecules which related to the growth and development of schistosomula.

The new national integrated strategy emphasizing infection sources control for schistosomiasis control in China has made remarkable achievements.

Schistosomiasis japonica remains one important public health concern that cause great loss of humans' health and social-economic development in the Peoples' Republic of China. At the end of 1990s and the beginning of 2000s, there were still about 0.8 million patients and nearly 85 million people living in the epidemic areas around China.

A pharmacokinetic approach to assess artemisinin-naphthoquine combination therapy for uncomplicated pediatric malaria.

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been adopted as the first line of treatment against malaria in nearly all malaria-endemic countries, mainly as a result of Plasmodium falciparum infection, as this species of malaria parasite has developed resistance to most of the available non-artemisinin antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin-naphthoquine (ART-NQ, also named as ARCO™; Kunming Pharmaceuticals, Kunming, China) is one of the several currently available ACTs that show a promising approach to dealing with drug-resistant malaria rather than monotherapies. Unlike other ACTs, ART-NQ requires either a single-dose treatment or a two-dose treatment within 24 h against uncomplicated P.

Studies on the establishment of a co-culture system of lung stage Schistosoma japonicum with host cells.

Due to their role in eliciting protective Th1 cell-mediated immune responses in definitive hosts lung stage schistosomula are in the focus of intensive research. In vitro culture approaches in the past exhibited significant differences in gene expression profiles between lung stage schistosomula isolated from hosts and those cultured conventionally. Therefore, new approaches to culture schistosomula are of broad interest.

Identification of differentially expressed genes in Oncomelania hupensis chronically infected with Schistosoma japonicum.

Oncomelania hupensis is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. The schistosome-snail interaction is biomedically important. To identify differentially expressed transcripts in O.

[Effects of male worm extraction on ultrastructure of cultured vitelline cells from Schistosoma japonicum].

Objective: To study the effects of male worm extraction on the proliferation and metabolic activity of cultured vitelline cells from Schistosoma japonicum.

Methods: The 28-day S. japonicum worms were harvested by perfusion.

What is the role of health education in the integrated strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China?

In 2009, Wang et al.'s field trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine, reported that a comprehensive strategy aiming to reduce the roles of humans and cattle as sources of Schistosoma japonicum infection in snails was implemented and proved effective and promising in dramatically reducing the percentage of infected humans and snails, which had been extended to other endemic provinces in China afterwards. This implies that the integrated schistosomiasis-control strategies of interventions including political will, financial support and residents' participation to control human and bovine sources of S.

Artemisinin: the gifts from traditional Chinese medicine not only for malaria control but also for schistosomiasis control.

The 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award honors the Chinese scientist Tu Youyou who discovered artemisinin and its utility for treating malaria. A therapy based on artemisinin has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world. Meanwhile, artemisinin and its derivatives, especially for artemether and artesunate, are showing promising preventive efficacies as high as 65-97% administrated with multiple doses at 6 mg/kg body weight by 1- or 2-week intervals for preventing schistosomiasis japonica during epidemic seasons used in China for more than one decade.

Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Praziquantel has been used as first-line drug for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis since 1984. Besides praziquantel, artemether and artesunate have also been used for the control of this infectious disease since late 1990s. In this article, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the antischistosomal efficacy of different medication strategies including monotherapy or combination therapies of these drugs.

[An easy way to purify the inclusion body protein with high purity from prokaryotic expression cells].

To clone partial ORF of SjBMP and to construct the recombinant SjBMP-pET-28a(+) plasmids, and then to transform them into the competent cells E. coli BL21 (DE3), finally a positive clone was used to be induced by IPTG. The bacterial aggregates with target protein expressed as inclusion bodies were purified by the methods of Ni(2+)-NTA affinity purification under denaturation condition and SDS-PAGE gel extraction.

Effects of protein extract from head-foot tissue of Oncomelania hupensis on the growth and gene expression of mother sporocysts of Schistosoma japonicum.

Oncomelania hupensis is the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. In the present study, we investigated the effects of protein extracts from head-foot or gland tissue of O. hupensis on mother sporocysts of S.

Conservation and variation in mitochondrial genomes of gastropods Oncomelania hupensis and Tricula hortensis, intermediate host snails of Schistosoma in China.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of intermediate host snails for Schistosoma in China were sequenced, including the sub-species Oncomelania hupensis hupensis in two types, and O. hupensis robertsoni, intermediate hosts for S. japonicum, and Tricula hortensis, the intermediate host of S.

Distinct genetic diversity of Oncomelania hupensis, intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in mainland China as revealed by ITS sequences.

Background: Oncomelania hupensis is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, which causes schistosomiasis endemic in the Far East, and especially in mainland China. O. hupensis largely determines the parasite's geographical range.