Latest developments of generative artificial intelligence and applications in ophthalmology.

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various fields. In ophthalmology, generative AI has the potential to enhance efficiency, accuracy, personalization and innovation in clinical practice and medical research, through processing data, streamlining medical documentation, facilitating patient-doctor communication, aiding in clinical decision-making, and simulating clinical trials. This review focuses on the development and integration of generative AI models into clinical workflows and scientific research of ophthalmology.

Development and Evaluation of a Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Model Framework for Ophthalmology.

Importance: Although augmenting large language models (LLMs) with knowledge bases may improve medical domain-specific performance, practical methods are needed for local implementation of LLMs that address privacy concerns and enhance accessibility for health care professionals.

Objective: To develop an accurate, cost-effective local implementation of an LLM to mitigate privacy concerns and support their practical deployment in health care settings.

Design, Setting, And Participants: ChatZOC (Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center), a retrieval-augmented LLM framework, was developed by enhancing a baseline LLM with a comprehensive ophthalmic dataset and evaluation framework (CODE), which includes over 30 000 pieces of ophthalmic knowledge.

High Engraftment and Metastatic Rates in Orthotopic Xenograft Models of Gastric Cancer via Direct Implantation of Tumor Cell Suspensions.

Although the implantation of intact tumor fragments is a common practice to generate orthotopic xenografts to study tumor invasion and metastasis, the direct implantation of tumor cell suspensions is necessary when prior manipulations of tumor cells are required. However, the establishment of orthotopic xenografts using tumor cell suspensions is not mature, and a comparative study directly comparing their engraftment and metastatic capabilities is lacking. It is unclear whether tumor fragments are superior to cell suspensions for successful engraftment and metastasis.

Staple line lockstitch reinforcement decreases clinically relevant pancreatic fistula following distal pancreatectomy: Results of a propensity score matched retrospective analysis.

Background: Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) remains the primary complication of distal pancreatectomies. We aimed to review whether staple line reinforcement with continuous lockstitches would lead to decreased grade B and C pancreatic fistula in patients undergoing distal pancreatectomy.

Methods: This retrospective study enrolled consecutive patients scheduled to undergo distal pancreatectomy at a large tertiary hospital.

Glucocorticoid-induced loss of beneficial gut bacterial extracellular vesicles is associated with the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) commonly occurs after glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. The gut microbiota (GM) participates in regulating host health, and its composition can be altered by GC. Here, this study demonstrates that cohousing with healthy mice or colonization with GM from normal mice attenuates GC-induced ONFH.

CRABP2 involvement in a mechanism of Golgi stress and tumor dry matter in non-small cell lung cancer cells via ER dependent Hippo pathway.

Objective: The paper aimed to explore the mechanism of cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) involvement in Golgi stress and tumor dryness in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells through the estrogen receptor (ER) dependent Hippo pathway.

Methods: Human NSCLC cell line A549 was purchased from ATCC andcultured in RPMI-1640 with 10% FBS. Attractene reagent was used for plasmid transfection.

Erratum: Inhibition of miR-331-3p and miR-9-5p ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by enhancing autophagy: Erratum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.7150/thno.47408.

Neuronal Induction of Bone-Fat Imbalance through Osteocyte Neuropeptide Y.

A differentiation switch of bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BMSCs) from osteoblasts to adipocytes contributes to age- and menopause-associated bone loss and marrow adiposity. Here it is found that osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, promote adipogenesis and inhibit osteogenesis of BMSCs by secreting neuropeptide Y (NPY), whose expression increases with aging and osteoporosis. Deletion of NPY in osteocytes generates a high bone mass phenotype, and attenuates aging- and ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone-fat imbalance in mice.

Fructose-coated Ångstrom silver prevents sepsis by killing bacteria and attenuating bacterial toxin-induced injuries.

Serious infection caused by multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a major threat to human health. Bacteria can invade the host tissue and produce various toxins to damage or kill host cells, which may induce life-threatening sepsis. Here, we aimed to explore whether fructose-coated Ångstrom-scale silver particles (F-AgÅPs), which were prepared by our self-developed evaporation-condensation system and optimized coating approach, could kill bacteria and sequester bacterial toxins to attenuate fatal bacterial infections.

Correlation between Plasma Cellular Retinoic Acid-Binding Protein 2 and Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells.

Background: Our primary aim of the current study was to explore the correlation between plasma CRABP2 and migration, proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.

Methods: Human lung cancer cell line A549 was used in the present study, which was cultured in 6-well plates (1 × 106 cells/well) and then transfected with pcDNA-CRABP2 and pcDNA, siRNA with the use of Lipofectamine 2000 based on the manufacturer's protocol. The expression of CRABP2 mRNA was detected through real-time PCR.

Knockdown of miR-543 Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells and Induces Apoptosis.

This article aims to explore the effects and possible mechanism of miR-543 on small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells. The respective levels of miR-543 in lung carcinoma tissues, para-cancerous tissues, human normal lung cells MRC-9, and SCLC cells were detected by RT-qPCR. The proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of SCLC cells were detected after the miR-543 level in SCLC cells was altered by miRNA mimics and inhibitors.

Extracellular Vesicles from Child Gut Microbiota Enter into Bone to Preserve Bone Mass and Strength.

Recently, the gut microbiota (GM) has been shown to be a regulator of bone homeostasis and the mechanisms by which GM modulates bone mass are still being investigated. Here, it is found that colonization with GM from children (CGM) but not from the elderly (EGM) prevents decreases in bone mass and bone strength in conventionally raised, ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals that CGM reverses the OVX-induced reduction of ().

Inhibition of miR-331-3p and miR-9-5p ameliorates Alzheimer's disease by enhancing autophagy.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently ranked as the third leading cause of death for eldly people, just behind heart disease and cancer. Autophagy is declined with aging. Our study determined the biphasic changes of miR-331-3p and miR-9-5p associated with AD progression in APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model and demonstrated inhibiting miR-331-3p and miR-9-5p treatment prevented AD progression by promoting the autophagic clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ).

Effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Yoga receive more attention from breast cancer patients, however its feasibility and efficacy during chemotherapy remains conflicting. We performed this systematic review to assess the effects of yoga on health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which investigated the comparative efficacy of yoga versus comparators such as usual care among breast cancer patients for health-related quality, physical health and psychological health in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CNETRAL), Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM) Database, China Science and Technology Journal (CSTJ) Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wangfang Database from inception to December 2018.

Autophagy receptor OPTN (optineurin) regulates mesenchymal stem cell fate and bone-fat balance during aging by clearing FABP3.

Senile osteoporosis (OP) is often concomitant with decreased autophagic activity. OPTN (optineurin), a macroautophagy/autophagy (hereinafter referred to as autophagy) receptor, is found to play a pivotal role in selective autophagy, coupling autophagy with bone metabolism. However, its role in osteogenesis is still mysterious.

Ångstrom-scale silver particle-embedded carbomer gel promotes wound healing by inhibiting bacterial colonization and inflammation.

Poor wound healing after diabetes or extensive burn remains a challenging problem. Recently, we presented a physical approach to fabricate ultrasmall silver particles from Ångstrom scale to nanoscale and determined the antitumor efficacy of Ångstrom-scale silver particles (AgÅPs) in the smallest size range. Here we used the medium-sized AgÅPs (65.

Defining the susceptibility of colorectal cancers to BH3-mimetic compounds.

Novel targets are required to improve the outcomes for patients with colorectal cancers. In this regard, the selective inhibitor of the pro-survival protein BCL2, venetoclax, has proven highly effective in several hematological malignancies. In addition to BCL2, potent and highly selective small molecule inhibitors of its relatives, BCLxL and MCL1, are now available, prompting us to investigate the susceptibility of colorectal cancers to the inhibition of one or more of these pro-survival proteins.

Inhalation of nebulized can protect against allergic bronchial asthma in mice by regulating the TGF-β/Smad signal transduction pathway.

Background: nebulization imparted protective effect against allergic asthma in a mouse model. The TGF-β/Smad signal transduction pathway plays an important role in allergic bronchial asthma. However, the effect of nebulization on the TGF-β/Smad signal transduction pathway in mouse models of allergic asthma remains unclear.

Fructose-coated Angstrom silver inhibits osteosarcoma growth and metastasis via promoting ROS-dependent apoptosis through the alteration of glucose metabolism by inhibiting PDK.

Osteosarcoma is a common malignant bone cancer easily to metastasize. Much safer and more efficient strategies are still needed to suppress osteosarcoma growth and lung metastasis. We recently presented a pure physical method to fabricate Ångstrom-scale silver particles (AgÅPs) and determined the anti-tumor efficacy of fructose-coated AgÅPs (F-AgÅPs) against lung and pancreatic cancer.

Extracellular vesicles from human urine-derived stem cells inhibit glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by transporting and releasing pro-angiogenic DMBT1 and anti-apoptotic TIMP1.

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) frequently occurs after glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important nano-sized paracrine mediators of intercellular crosstalk. This study aimed to determine whether EVs from human urine-derived stem cells (USC-EVs) could protect against GC-induced ONFH and focused on the impacts of USC-EVs on angiogenesis and apoptosis to explore the mechanism by which USC-EVs attenuated GC-induced ONFH.

nebulization protects Balb/c mice against bronchial asthma through neural mechanisms.

Objectives: Bronchial asthma can be effectively controlled but not be cured, its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear, and there are no effective preventive measures. The key characteristic of asthma is chronic airway inflammation, and recent research has found that airway neurogenic inflammation plays an important role in asthma. We previously found that nebulization protects against asthma.

One-Week Nebulization of Can Protect Against Pulmonary Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Balb/c Mice.

: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children, leading to their death. Currently, no effective prevention and treatment methods for RSV infection are available. RSV and many other unknown viruses pose a serious threat to human health.

Fasting before or after wound injury accelerates wound healing through the activation of pro-angiogenic SMOC1 and SCG2.

Healing of the chronic diabetic ulceration and large burns remains a clinical challenge. Therapeutic fasting has been shown to improve health. Our study tested whether fasting facilitates diabetic and burn wound healing and explored the underlying mechanism.

MARCH5 requires MTCH2 to coordinate proteasomal turnover of the MCL1:NOXA complex.

MCL1, a BCL2 relative, is critical for the survival of many cells. Its turnover is often tightly controlled through both ubiquitin-dependent and -independent mechanisms of proteasomal degradation. Several cell stress signals, including DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, are known to elicit distinct E3 ligases to ubiquitinate and degrade MCL1.

Efficacy of tiotropium in treating patients with moderate-to-severe asthma: A meta-analysis and systematic review based on 14 randomized controlled trials.

Background: The goal of the current meta-analysis and systematic review was to explore the efficacy of tiotropium in treating patients with moderate-to-severe asthma on the basis of qualified randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods: The following online electronic databases, such as Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase database were screened to identify qualified studies updated to January 2019 through the use of index words. Several literatures that were relevant to the present analysis were also included.