[Application of intermittent flap opening in L-shaped surgical incision of calcaneal fracture].

Objective: To explore clinical effect of intermittent flap opening technique in L-shaped incision of calcaneal fracture.

Methods: From January 2017 to January 2019, 48 patients with Sanders typeⅡ to Ⅳ calcaneal fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. According to different flap opening techniques, the patients were divided into control group and observation group, 24 patients in each group.

[Selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle for the treatment of collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau].

Objective: To explore methods and clinical effects of selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle in treating collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau.

Methods: From January 2014 to October 2019, 15 patients with collapse and comminuted fracture of lateral tibial plateau were treated by selective U-shaped osteotomy of lateral tibial condyle, including 9 males and 6 females. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 70 years old, with an average age of (38.

Mutations of acetylcholinesterase which confer insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster populations.

Background: Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing death of insects. Resistance-modified acetylcholinesterases(AChEs) have been described in many insect species and sequencing of their genes allowed several point mutations to be described. However, their relative frequency and their cartography had not yet been addressed.

Acetylcholinesterase alterations reveal the fitness cost of mutations conferring insecticide resistance.

Background: Insecticide resistance is now common in insects due to the frequent use of chemicals to control them, which provides a useful tool to study the adaptation of eukaryotic genome to new environments. Although numerous potential mutations may provide high level of resistance, only few alleles are found in insect natural populations. Then, we hypothesized that only alleles linked to the highest fitness in the absence of insecticide are selected.