Estimating Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Risk for the EXPOSE (Explaining Population Trends in Cardiovascular Risk: A Comparative Analysis of Health Transitions in South Africa and England) Study: Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, health care, and psychosocial variables considered risk factors for CVD are routinely measured in population health surveys, providing opportunities to examine health transitions. Studying the drivers of health transitions in countries where multiple burdens of disease persist (eg, South Africa), compared with countries regarded as models of "epidemiologic transition" (eg, England), can provide knowledge on where best to intervene and direct resources to reduce the disease burden.

Substrate translocation and inhibition in human dicarboxylate transporter NaDC3.

The human high-affinity sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter (NaDC3) imports various substrates into the cell as tricarboxylate acid cycle intermediates, lipid biosynthesis precursors and signaling molecules. Understanding the cellular signaling process and developing inhibitors require knowledge of the structural basis of the dicarboxylate specificity and inhibition mechanism of NaDC3. To this end, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of NaDC3 in various dimers, revealing the protomer in three conformations: outward-open C, outward-occluded C and inward-open C.

The Retail Food Environment Index and its association with dietary patterns, body mass index, and socioeconomic position: A multilevel assessment in Mexico.

In Mexico, 75% of the population are affected by overweight or obesity, and the availability and affordability of high-calorie-dense foods and beverages are high. This study tested the association between the retail food environment index (RFEI), dietary patterns, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic position (SEP) in Mexico. Cross-sectional diet, health, and sociodemographic population-based secondary data analyses were conducted.

Sex differences in the secular change in waist circumference relative to BMI in five countries from 1997 to 2020.

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify changes over time in waist circumference (WC) relative to BMI by sex in the Americas (United States, Mexico, Chile, and Peru) and England.

Methods: Data from adults aged 25 to 64 years between 1997 and 2020 were analyzed, and US data were stratified by race and ethnicity groups. Sex-specific BMI and WC means and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence were compared between the first and last surveys.

National health examination surveys; a source of critical data.

The aim of this paper is to contribute technical arguments to the debate about the importance of health examination surveys and their continued use during the post-pandemic health financing crisis, and in the context of a technological innovation boom that offers new ways of collecting and analysing individual health data (e.g. artificial intelligence).

Public transport use and mortality among older adults in England: A cohort study.

Background: Most evidence on transport use and mortality has focused on the commute to work. This study aims to fill a gap by assessing relationships between public transport use and mortality among older adults.

Methods: Data come from a cohort of 10,186 individuals aged 50 or older who participated in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), with survey data linked to mortality records over 16 years (2002-2018).

Food environment and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Obesity is influenced by a complex, multifaceted system of determinants, including the food environment. Governments need evidence to act on improving the food environment. The aim of this study was to review the evidence from spatial environmental analyses and to conduct the first series of meta-analyses to assess the impact of the retail food environment on obesity.

Diagnosis of sleep disorders in child healthcare settings.

Objectives: Sleep disorders impact at least 10 % of children, pose risks to overall wellbeing, and are key targets of preventive interventions. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of pediatric sleep disorder diagnoses across sociodemographic characteristics and co-occurring conditions, and to explore potential sociodemographic disparities.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 12,394,902 children (0-17 years; 50.

The Tension Between AAP Safe Sleep Guidelines and Infant Sleep.

Objectives: To understand tension mothers experience when attempting to follow American Academy of Pediatrics safe sleep guidelines and enhancing infant and parental sleep.

Methods: Surveys and focus groups were conducted from November 2022 and March 2023 with United States-based English-speaking mothers of infants <6 months of age recruited via social media and who reported a nonrecommended sleep position and/or location ≥2 times the prior week.

Results: Twenty-five mothers participated in focus groups and surveys.

Incidence of pediatric narcolepsy diagnosis and management: evidence from claims data.

Study Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize the incidence of pediatric narcolepsy diagnosis, subsequent care, and potential sociodemographic disparities in a large US claims database.

Methods: Merative MarketScan insurance claims (n = 12,394,902) were used to identify youth (6-17 years of age) newly diagnosed with narcolepsy ( codes). Narcolepsy diagnosis and care 1 year postdiagnosis included polysomnography with Multiple Sleep Latency Test, pharmacological care, and clinical visits.

Exploring the K binding site and its coupling to transport in the neurotransmitter:sodium symporter LeuT.

The neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs) are secondary active transporters that couple the reuptake of substrate to the symport of one or two sodium ions. One bound Na (Na1) contributes to the substrate binding, while the other Na (Na2) is thought to be involved in the conformational transition of the NSS. Two NSS members, the serotonin transporter (SERT) and the dopamine transporter (dDAT), also couple substrate uptake to the antiport of K by a largely undefined mechanism.

Sex differences in the secular change in waist circumference relative to body mass index in the Americas and England from 1997 to 2020.

Objective: To quantify changes over time in waist circumference (WC) relative to body mass index (BMI) by sex in the Americas (U S, Mexico, Chile, Peru) and England.

Methods: Data from adults aged 25-64 years between 1997 and 2020 was analysed; US data was stratified by racial-ethnic groups. Sex-specific BMI and WC means, and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence, were compared between the first and last surveys.

Sleep improvements following atopic dermatitis management in young children.

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to assess improvements in associated sleep and caregiver mood following treatment of atopic dermatitis in young children.

Methods: Participants included children (n = 23; M = 22.0 months) and their caregivers.

Maternal beliefs and cognitions about naps in infants and toddlers.

Infant and toddler sleep affects family functioning and maternal mental health and well-being. However, little is known about parental perceptions regarding child daytime sleep. The current study aimed to determine maternal beliefs and cognitions of child naps, assessing how naps impact perceived child and maternal functioning.

Variation in Caregiver-Reported Child Sleep Patterns and Problems by Family Socioeconomic Indicators.

Objective: Previous studies of sleep patterns, as well as rates and correlates of perceived problems in early childhood, indicate variation by neighborhood-level socioeconomic indicators. The purpose of this study was to examine variation in (1) sleep patterns, behaviors, and problems by family-based socioeconomic indicators (income-to-needs ratio and caregiver education level) and (2) sociodemographic and sleep correlates of a caregiver-endorsed child sleep problem across and within socioeconomic indicator groups in a diverse sample.

Methods: Two hundred eighty-three caregiver-child dyads (ages 1-5 years) completed the Brief Child Sleep Questionnaire.

Ethnic differences in multimorbidity after accounting for social-economic factors, findings from The Health Survey for England.

Background: Social-economic factors and health behaviours may be driving variation in ethnic health inequalities in multimorbidity including among distinct ethnic groups.

Methods: Using the cross-sectional nationally representative Health Surveys for England 2011-18 (N = 54 438, aged 16+), we performed multivariable logistic regression on the odds of having general multimorbidity (≥2 longstanding conditions) by ethnicity [British White (reference group), White Irish, Other White, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, African, Caribbean, White mixed, Other Mixed], adjusting for age, sex, education, area deprivation, obesity, smoking status and survey year. This was repeated for cardiovascular multimorbidity (N = 37 148, aged 40+: having ≥2 of the following: self-reported diabetes, hypertension, heart attack or stroke) and multiple cardiometabolic risk biomarkers (HbA1c ≥6.

National Health Examination Surveys: an essential piece of the health planning puzzle.

National health examination surveys (HESs) have been developed to provide important information that cannot be obtained from other sources. A HES combines information obtained by asking participants questions with biophysical measurements taken by trained field staff. They are observational studies with the highest external validity and make specific contributions to both population (public health) and individual health.

Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in behavioural non-communicable disease risk factors: analysis of repeated cross-sectional health surveys in England between 2003 and 2019.

Background: Previous studies have shown that those in lower socioeconomic positions (SEPs) generally have higher levels of behavioural non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. However, there are limited studies examining recent trends in inequalities. This study examined trends in socioeconomic inequalities in NCD behavioural risk factors and their co-occurrence in England from 2003-19.

The chloride antiporter CLCN7 is a modifier of lysosome dysfunction in FIG4 and VAC14 mutants.

The phosphatase FIG4 and the scaffold protein VAC14 function in the biosynthesis of PI(3,5)P2, a signaling lipid that inhibits the lysosomal chloride transporter ClC-7. Loss-of-function mutations of FIG4 and VAC14 reduce PI(3,5)P2 and result in lysosomal disorders characterized by accumulation of enlarged lysosomes and neurodegeneration. Similarly, a gain of function mutation of CLCN7 encoding ClC-7 also results in enlarged lysosomes.

A multimethod evaluation of bed provision and sleep education for young children and their families living in poverty.

Study Objectives: We evaluated the impact of bed provision and sleep education through the Beds for Kids (BfK) program on early childhood sleep and behavior and maternal mood and sleep.

Methods: Twenty-seven mother-child dyads (child= 2-5 years, 85.2% Black) living in poverty and without an individual child bed were randomly assigned (multimethod randomized waitlist control trial design) to BfK intervention ∼1 week postbaseline (initial intervention) or ∼2 weeks postbaseline (waitlist control), with follow-up at 1 month.

Discrepancies Between Caregiver Reported Early Childhood Sleep Problems and Clinician Documentation and Referral.

Objective: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine sleep problem screenings during child well-visits. However, studies suggest a discrepancy between caregiver- and clinician-reported child sleep problems. The present study examines whether caregiver-reported child sleep problems (ie, habitual snoring, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep health) and clinician-documented child sleep problems and management are congruent.

Does the use of prediction equations to correct self-reported height and weight improve obesity prevalence estimates? A pooled cross-sectional analysis of Health Survey for England data.

Objective: Adults typically overestimate height and underestimate weight compared with directly measured values, and such misreporting varies by sociodemographic and health-related factors. Using self-reported and interviewer-measured height and weight, collected from the same participants, we aimed to develop a set of prediction equations to correct bias in self-reported height and weight and assess whether this adjustment improved the accuracy of obesity prevalence estimates relative to those based only on self-report.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.