Crystallization of the coiled-coil domain of Atg16 essential for autophagy.

Atg16 is a scaffold protein that interacts with Atg12-Atg5 protein conjugates via its N-terminal domain and self-assembles via its coiled-coil domain, thus forming a multimeric Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex that is essential for autophagy. The coiled-coil domain of Atg16 was expressed, purified and crystallized. The crystal belonged to space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = 127.

Structure of Atg5.Atg16, a complex essential for autophagy.

Atg5 is covalently modified with a ubiquitin-like modifier, Atg12, and the Atg12-Atg5 conjugate further forms a complex with the multimeric protein Atg16. The Atg12-Atg5.Atg16 multimeric complex plays an essential role in autophagy, the bulk degradation system conserved in all eukaryotes.

Expression, purification and crystallization of the Atg5-Atg16 complex essential for autophagy.

Atg5 is a novel 34 kDa protein that is covalently modified by Atg12, a ubiquitin-like modifier, and forms a complex with Atg16. The Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex localizes to autophagosome precursors and plays an essential role in autophagosome formation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Atg5 in complex with the N-terminal regions of Atg16 was expressed, purified and crystallized in four crystal forms.

Electrochemical oxidation for low concentration of aniline in neutral pH medium: application to the removal of aniline based on the electrochemical polymerization on a carbon fiber.

Aniline, which causes serious environmental problems, was electrochemically treated and thereby removed from aqueous solution. This method demonstrated herein is based on the formation of polyaniline at an electrode surface by electrochemical oxidation. Initially, the electrode behavior of aniline at several conditions was investigated on a platinum, glassy carbon (GC), and carbon fiber (CF) electrode using voltammetric techniques.

Electrochemical removal of bisphenol A based on the anodic polymerization using a column type carbon fiber electrode.

Electrochemical removal based on the polymerization of organic pollutants on an anode surface was performed on bisphenol A (BPA) and its derivatives, bisphenol S (BPS) and diphenolic acid (DPA). It was confirmed by voltammetric techniques that the electrochemical oxidation of these compounds leads to the formation of a polymeric film on a carbon electrode surface. The electrochemical removals of BPA, BPS and DPA based on the anodic polymerization were attempted in the batch type cell.