Exogenous strigolactone alleviates post-waterlogging stress in grapevine.

With global climate change, the frequent occurrence of intense rainfall and aggravation of waterlogging disasters have severely threatened the plant growth and fruit quality of grapevines, which are commercially important fruit crops worldwide. There is accordingly an imperative to clarify the responses of grapevine to waterlogging and to propose appropriate remedial measures. Strigolactone (SL) is a phytohormone associated with plant abiotic stress tolerance, while, its function in plant responses to waterlogging stress remain undetermined.

Increased GluK1 Subunit Receptors in Corticostriatal Projection from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Contributed to Seizure-Like Activities.

The corticostriatal connection plays a crucial role in cognitive, emotional, and motor control. However, the specific roles and synaptic transmissions of corticostriatal connection are less studied, especially the corticostriatal transmission from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, a direct glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission in the corticostriatal projection from the ACC is found.

Cortical Tagged Synaptic Long-Term Depression in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Adult Mice.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key cortical region for pain perception and emotion. Different forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), have been reported in the ACC. Synaptic tagging of LTP plays an important role in hippocampus-related associative memory.

Brainstem dominant form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy with a novel ABCD1 missense variant: A case report and literature review.

Background: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder attributed to ABCD1 mutations. Case reports with predominant brainstem involvement are rare.

Case Presentation: In this study, we reported a plateau male worker of X-ALD characterized by progressive weakness accompanied by gait instability, mild nystagmus, and constipation.

Inhibition of calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) for the treatment of pain and anxiety symptoms in Parkinson's disease mice model.

Pain and anxiety are two common and undertreated non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), which affect the life quality of PD patients, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. As an important subtype of adenylyl cyclases (ACs), adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) is critical for the induction of cortical long-term potentiation (LTP) and injury induced synaptic potentiation in the cortical areas including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and insular cortex (IC). Genetic deletion of AC1 or pharmacological inhibition of AC1 improved chronic pain and anxiety in different animal models.

Inhibition of cortical synaptic transmission, behavioral nociceptive, and anxiodepressive-like responses by arecoline in adult mice.

Areca nut, the seed of Areca catechu L., is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol, and caffeine. The major effective constituent of A.

Cortical nitric oxide required for presynaptic long-term potentiation in the insular cortex.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key diffusible messenger in the mammalian brain. It has been proposed that NO may diffuse retrogradely into presynaptic terminals, contributing to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we present novel evidence that NO is required for kainate receptor (KAR)-dependent presynaptic form of LTP (pre-LTP) in the adult insular cortex (IC).

Enhanced long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex of tree shrew.

Synaptic plasticity is a key cellular model for learning, memory and chronic pain. Most previous studies were carried out in rats and mice, and less is known about synaptic plasticity in non-human primates. In the present study, we used integrative experimental approaches to study long-term potentiation (LTP) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of adult tree shrews.

The Pathway-Selective Dependence of Nitric Oxide for Long-Term Potentiation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Adult Mice.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key diffusible messenger in the mammalian brain. It has been proposed that NO may diffuse in retrograde into presynaptic terminals, contributing to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we present novel evidence that NO is selectively required for the synaptic potentiation of the interhemispheric projection in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

Alleviation of migraine related pain and anxiety by inhibiting calcium-stimulating AC1-dependent CGRP in the insula of adult rats.

Background: Recent animal and clinical findings consistently highlight the critical role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in chronic migraine (CM) and related emotional responses. CGRP antibodies and receptor antagonists have been approved for CM treatment. However, the underlying CGRP-related signaling pathways in the pain-related cortex remain poorly understood.

Recruitment of cortical silent responses by forskolin in the anterior cingulate cortex of adult mice.

Recent studies using different experimental approaches demonstrate that silent synapses may exist in the adult cortex including the sensory cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The postsynaptic form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ACC recruits some of these silent synapses and the activity of calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs) is required for such recruitment. It is unknown if the chemical activation of ACs may recruit silent synapses.

Anterior cingulate cortex and insomnia: A cingulate-striatum connection.

Insomnia is an important comorbidity of chronic pain. In this issue of Neuron, Li et al. report that chronic-pain-induced insomnia is mediated by the pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex and their dopaminergic projections to the dorsal medial striatum.

Effect of SO, glutathione, and glutathione-rich inactive dry yeast on the color, phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity of Roxburgh rose wine.

Conventional methods for inhibiting browning in wine are not suitable for cili (Roxburgh rose) wine, which is naturally rich in ascorbic acid and subject to restrictions on SO addition. In this study, the capacity of various additives to suppress the browning of cili wine caused by ascorbic acid degradation was investigated. SO, pure reduced glutathione (GSH), regular inactive dry yeast (IDY), and IDY with various levels of glutathione enrichment (g-IDY) were separately introduced into cili wine following the completion of alcoholic fermentation.

Fear memory regulation by the cAMP signaling pathway as an index of reexperiencing symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder associated with traumatic memory, yet its etiology remains unclear. Reexperiencing symptoms are specific to PTSD compared to other anxiety-related disorders. Importantly, reexperiencing can be mimicked by retrieval-related events of fear memory in animal models of traumatic memory.

Selective enhancement of fear extinction by inhibiting neuronal adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) in aged mice.

Adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) is a selective subtype of ACs, which is selectively expressed in neurons. The activation of AC1 is activity-dependent, and AC1 plays an important role in cortical excitation that contributes to chronic pain and related emotional disorders. Previous studies have reported that human-used NB001 (hNB001, a selective AC1 inhibitor) produced analgesic effects in different animal models of chronic pain.

Long-term plasticity of NMDA GluN2B (NR2B) receptor in anterior cingulate cortical synapses.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a key cortical area for pain perception, emotional fear and anxiety. Cortical excitation is thought to be the major mechanism for chronic pain and its related emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression. GluN2B (or called NR2B) containing NMDA receptors play critical roles for such excitation.

Activation of the glutamatergic cingulate cortical-cortical connection facilitates pain in adult mice.

The brain consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres and both are connected by callosal projections. Less is known about the basic mechanism of this cortical-cortical connection and its functional importance. Here we investigate the cortical-cortical connection between the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) by using the classic electrophysiological and optogenetic approach.

Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers the cell type-dependent transcriptomic changes in the retrosplenial cortex after peripheral nerve injury.

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a vital area for storing remote memory and has recently been found to undergo broad changes after peripheral nerve injury. However, little is known about the role of RSC in pain regulation. Here, we examine the involvement of RSC in the pain of mice with nerve injury.

Cortical synaptic basis of consciousness.

Consciousness is one of final questions for humans to tackle in neuroscience. Due to a lack of understanding of basic brain networks and mechanisms of functions, our knowledge of consciousness mainly stays at a theoretical level. Recent studies using brain imaging in humans and modern neuroscience techniques in animal studies reveal the basic brain network for consciousness.

A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) in the Pathogenesis of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Review of the Evidence.

A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL), the thirteenth member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, plays a key role in the regulation of activated B cells, the survival of long-lived plasma cells, and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype class switching. Several lines of evidence have implicated APRIL in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Globally, IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, and it can progress to end-stage kidney disease; yet, disease-modifying treatments for this condition have historically been lacking.

Sound-induced analgesia cannot always be observed in adult mice.

Music seems promising as an adjuvant pain treatment in humans, while its mechanism remains to be illustrated. In rodent models of chronic pain, few studies reported the analgesic effect of music. Recently, Zhou et al.