Green Tea Attenuates the Particulate Matter (PM)-Exposed Gut-Brain Axis Dysfunction through Regulation of Intestinal Microenvironment and Hormonal Changes.

Chronic exposure to particulate matter (PM) causes brain damage through intestinal imbalance. This study was estimated to confirm the regulatory activity of green tea against chronic PM exposure-induced abnormal gut-brain axis (GBA) in BALB/c mice. The green tea, as an aqueous extract of matcha (EM), ameliorated the colon length, short chain fatty acid contents, antioxidant biomarkers, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and serum inflammatory cytokines.

Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment on Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Synaptic Function in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) Mice.

This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of 70% ethanol extract of (EE) in amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficit mice. As a result of analyzing the bioactive compounds in EE, nine compounds were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). In particular, the diekcol content was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (DAD-HPLC).

Leaves Alleviate Cognitive Dysfunction in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis Mice through Regulating JNK/TLR4 Signaling Pathway.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that is characterized by systemic immune system activation. This study was performed to assess the alleviative effect of administering an aqueous extract of leaves (AEEL) on cognitive dysfunction in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The major bioactive compounds of AEEL were identified as a quinic acid derivative, caffeic acid-O-hexoside, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid using UPLC Q-TOF/MS.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Extracts on Chronic Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver and Hepatic Inflammation in C57BL/6 Mice.

This study was performed to investigate the protective effects of on fatty liver and hepatitis in chronic alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. The physiological compounds of a mixture of aqueous and 60% ethanol (2:8, /) extracts of (EA) were identified as kestose, raffinose, kaempferol and quercetin glucoside, and kaempferol di-glucoside by UPLC Q-TOF MS. The EA regulated the levels of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol in serum.

Fermented Larvae Improves Neurotoxicity in Chronic Ethanol-Induced-Dementia Mice via Suppressing AKT and NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

This study was investigated to examine the neuroprotective effect of fermented larvae (FPB) in ethanol-induced-dementia mice. Consumption of FPB by mice resulted in improved memory dysfunction in the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. FPB significantly decreased oxidative stress by regulating levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain tissues.

Fermented Larvae Ameliorates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice via AMPK and TLR-4/TGF-β1 Pathways.

This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of fermented larvae (FPB) in ethanol-induced liver injury mice. As a result of amino acids in FPB, 18 types of amino acids including essential amino acids were identified. In the results of in vitro tests, FPB increased alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities.

Anti-Amnesia-like Effect of Extract by Improving Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation on Trimethyltin-Induced ICR Mice.

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-amnestic property of Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) on TMT-induced cognitive decline in ICR mice. As a result of looking at behavioral function, the consumption of KRPBE improved the spatial work ability, short-term learning, and memory ability by Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. KRPBE suppressed antioxidant system damage by assessing the SOD activity, reduced GSH content, and MDA levels in brain tissue.

Suppressed Chronic PM-Exposed Pulmonary Dysfunction via TLR/TGF-β Pathway in BALB/c Mice.

This study investigated the ameliorating effect of the aqueous extract of on PM-induced pulmonary dysfunction. The major compounds of were identified as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleamide using GC/MS and hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 13-docosenamide using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. improved pulmonary antioxidant system deficit by regulating SOD activities and reducing GSH levels and MDA contents.

Korean Red Ginseng Prevents the Deterioration of Lung and Brain Function in Chronic PM-Exposed Mice by Regulating Systemic Inflammation.

This study was conducted to confirm the effects of Korean red ginseng on lung and brain dysfunction in a BALB/c mice model exposed to particulate matter (PM) for 12 weeks. Learning and cognitive abilities were assessed with Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. To evaluate the ameliorating effect of red ginseng extract (RGE), the antioxidant system and mitochondrial function were investigated.

Suppresses PM-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Gut-Brain Axis via TLR-4/MyD88 Pathway.

This study was conducted to evaluate the cognitive dysfunction improvement effect of aqueous extract of (AECF) by regulating the imbalance of the gut-brain axis in chronic particulate matter (PM)-exposed mice. The physiological compounds of AECF were identified as hexadecanamide, oleamide, octadecanamide, stearidonic acid, and linolenic acid by the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC Q-TOF MS) analysis. To evaluate the effect of PM on the antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were measured in colon and brain tissues.

Protective Effect of on PM-Induced Pulmonary Damage in BALB/c Mice via the TGF-β and NF-κB Pathway.

This study aimed to assess the protective effect of an extract of against particulate-matter (PM)-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The compounds with physiological activity were identified as shanzhiside, secologanoside, loganic acid, chlorogenic acid, secologanic acid, secoxyloganin, quercetin pentoside, and dicaffeoyl quinic acids (DCQA), including 3,4-DCQA, 3,5-DCQA, 4,5-DCQA, and 1,4-DCQA using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). The extract of reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation in A549 cells.

Anti-Amnesic Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation Containing and in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice.

This study was conducted to compare the synbiotic activity between Corni fructus (C. fructus) and Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice.

Leaves of Attenuate Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression-like Behavior via Regulation of Hormonal and Inflammatory Imbalance.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of ethyl acetate fraction from (EFCS) against chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced behavioral dysfunction and stress response in C57BL/6 mice. The physiological compounds of EFCS were identified as rutin, isoquercitrin, ethyl gallate, quercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, and ethyl digallate, using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of EFCS, HO and corticosterone-induced neuronal cell viability was conducted in human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells.

Korean Red Pine () Bark Extract Attenuates Aβ-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Regulating Cholinergic Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation.

In this study, we investigated the anti-amnesic effect of Korean red pine () bark extract (KRPBE) against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. We found that treatment with KRPBE improved the behavioral function in Aβ-induced mice, and also boosted the antioxidant system in mice by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. In addition, KRPBE improved the cholinergic system by suppressing reduced acetylcholine (ACh) content while also activating acetylcholinesterase (AChE), regulating the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), and synaptophysin.

Walnut Prevents Cognitive Impairment by Regulating the Synaptic and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via JNK Signaling and Apoptosis Pathway in High-Fat Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mice.

This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of (walnut, Gimcheon 1ho cultivar, GC) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced cognitive dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice. The main physiological compounds of GC were identified as pedunculagin/casuariin isomer, strictinin, tellimagrandin I, ellagic acid-O-pentoside, and ellagic acid were identified using UPLC Q-TOF/MS analysis. To evaluate the neuro-protective effect of GC, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorecein diacetate (DCF-DA) analysis were conducted in HO and high glucose-induced neuronal PC12 cells and hippocampal HT22 cells.

Effect of Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Leaves on PM-Induced Inflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of the ethyl acetate from leaves (EFEL) on PM-induced cognitive impairment in BALB/c mice. EFEL improved PM-induced cognitive decline by improving spontaneous alternative behavioral and long-term memory ability. EFEL increased ferric reducing activity power (FRAP) in serum.