Evaluation of the immediate effects of a single transcranial direct current stimulation session on astrocyte activation, inflammatory response, and pain threshold in naïve rats.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has demonstrated clinical benefits such as analgesia, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the mechanisms of action of a single tDCS session are poorly characterized. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a single tDCS session on pain sensitivity, inflammatory parameters, and astrocyte activity in naive rats.