Neural Marker Expression in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Grown in PEG-Based 3D Matrix Is Enhanced in the Presence of B27 and CultureOne Supplements.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have incredible potential as an avenue to better understand and treat neurological disorders. While they have been successfully differentiated into neural stem cells and neurons, most such protocols involve 2D environments, which are not representative of in vivo physiology. In this study, human ADSCs were cultured in 1.

Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Spontaneously Express Neural Markers When Grown in a PEG-Based 3D Matrix.

Neurological diseases are among the leading causes of disability and death worldwide and remain difficult to treat. Tissue engineering offers avenues to test potential treatments; however, the development of biologically accurate models of brain tissues remains challenging. Given their neurogenic potential and availability, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are of interest for creating neural models.

Neurogenic marker expression in differentiating human adipose derived adult mesenchymal stem cells.

Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are increasingly utilised in the field of neural regeneration due to their high accessibility and capacity for differentiation into neural like cells. Culturing ADSCs in the presence of various growth factors, small molecules and combinations thereof have shown promise in this regard; however, these protocols are generally complex, time-consuming and costly. The need for commercially available and chemically defined growth media/supplements is required to facilitate further developments in this area.

Molecular Dynamics of Cytokine Interactions and Signalling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Undergoing Directed Neural-like Differentiation.

Mesenchymal stem cells are a continually expanding area in research and clinical applications. Their usefulness and capacity to differentiate into various cells, particularly neural types, has driven the research area for several years. Neural differentiation has considerable usefulness.

A Molecular Analysis of Cytokine Content across Extracellular Vesicles, Secretions, and Intracellular Space from Different Site-Specific Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.

Cytokines are multifunctional small proteins that have a vital influence on inflammatory states of tissues and play a role in signalling and cellular control mechanisms. Cytokine expression has primarily been viewed as a form of direct secretion of molecules through an active transportation; however, other forms of active transport such as extracellular vesicles are at play. This is particularly important in stem cells where signalling molecules are key to communication managing the levels of proliferation, migration, and differentiation into mature cells.

Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Small Molecule Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Chemical Probes.

The differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells toward a neural phenotype by small molecules has been a vogue topic in the last decade. The characterization of the produced cells has been explored on a broad scale, examining morphological and specific surface protein markers; however, the lack of insight into the expression of functional proteins and their interactive partners is required to further understand the extent of the process. The phenotypic characterization by proteomic profiling allows for a substantial in-depth analysis of the molecular machinery induced and directing the cellular changes through the process.

Selectively-Packaged Proteins in Breast Cancer Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Metastasis.

Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles are known to play a role in the progression of the disease. In this rapidly-growing field, there are many reports of phenotypic changes in cells following exposure to cancer-derived extracellular vesicles. This study examines the protein contents of vesicles derived from three well-known breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and T47D, using peptide-centric LC-MS/MS and cytokine multiplex immunoassay analysis to understand the molecular basis of these changes.

Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neural Substructure Development during Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Treatment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Stem cells are highly important in biology due to their unique innate ability to self-renew and differentiate into other specialised cells. In a neurological context, treating major injuries such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and stroke is a strong basis for research in this area. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a strong candidate because of their accessibility, compatibility if autologous, high yield and multipotency with a potential to generate neural cells.

Valproic Acid Promotes Early Neural Differentiation in Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Protein Signalling Pathways.

Regenerative medicine is a rapidly expanding area in research and clinical applications. Therapies involving the use of small molecule chemicals aim to simplify the creation of specific drugs for clinical applications. Adult mesenchymal stem cells have recently shown the capacity to differentiate into several cell types applicable for regenerative medicine (specifically neural cells, using chemicals).

Correction: Santos, J., Proteomic Analysis of Cyclic Ketamine Compounds Ability to Induce Neural Differentiation in Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells. 2019, , 523.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...

Proteomic Analysis of Cyclic Ketamine Compounds Ability to Induce Neural Differentiation in Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Neural regeneration is of great interest due to its potential to treat traumatic brain injuries and diseases that impact quality of life. Growth factor mediated differentiation can take up to several weeks to months to produce the cell of interest whereas chemical stimulation may be as minimal as a few hours. The smaller time scale is of great clinical relevance.

Gold nanoparticles as cell regulators: beneficial effects of gold nanoparticles on the metabolic profile of mice with pre-existing obesity.

Background: We have previously shown that intraperitoneal injection of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs, 20-30 nm) into mice, decreases high-fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain and glucose intolerance, via suppression of inflammatory responses in both fat and liver tissues. This study investigates whether AuNPs provide similar benefit to mice with pre-existing obesity. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 15 weeks.

Gold nanoparticles improve metabolic profile of mice fed a high-fat diet.

Background: Obesity is a high risk for multiple metabolic disorders due to excessive influx of energy, glucose and lipid, often from a western based diet. Low-grade inflammation plays a key role in the progression of such metabolic disorders. The anti-inflammatory property of gold compounds has been used in treating rheumatoid arthritis in the clinic.

Proteomic Analysis of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells during Small Molecule Chemical Stimulated Pre-neuronal Differentiation.

Background: Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) are acquired from abdominal liposuction yielding a thousand fold more stem cells per millilitre than those from bone marrow. A large research void exists as to whether ADSCs are capable of transdermal differentiation toward neuronal phenotypes. Previous studies have investigated the use of chemical cocktails with varying inconclusive results.

Natural and Synthetic Coral Biomineralization for Human Bone Revitalization.

Coral skeletons can regenerate replacement human bone in nonload-bearing excavated skeletal locations. A combination of multiscale, interconnected pores and channels and highly bioactive surface chemistry has established corals as an important alternative to using healthy host bone replacements. Here, we highlight how coral skeletal systems are being remolded into new calcified structures or synthetic corals by biomimetic processes, as places for the organized permeation of bone tissue cells and blood vessels.

Bioinspired materials for regenerative medicine: going beyond the human archetypes.

The evolution of life has given rise to innumerable biomaterials with high levels of functional sophistication and performance among many thousands of different environments. The inexhaustible range of strategies and the intrinsic good design they possess can be readily included in the design of biomedical devices and materials, such as wound healing bandages and antibacterial surface coating implants. We highlight topical examples where various ingenious design strategies from biological models, originating more broadly from zoology and botany, have been appropriated into novel synthetic materials and structures for regenerative and material-based tissue engineering.

Full-face motorcycle helmet protection from facial impacts: an investigation using THOR dummy impacts and SIMon finite element head model.

Objective: Facial impacts are both common and injurious for helmeted motorcyclists who crash; however, there is no facial impact requirement in major motorcycle helmet standards. This study examined the effect of full-face motorcycle helmet protection on brain injury risk in facial impacts using a test device with biofidelic head and neck motion. A preliminary investigation of energy absorbing foam in the helmet chin bar was carried out.

Mechanisms of Head and Neck Injuries Sustained by Helmeted Motorcyclists in Fatal Real-World Crashes: Analysis of 47 In-Depth Cases.

Despite an improved understanding of traumatic head and neck injury mechanisms, the impact tests required by major motorcycle helmet standards have remained unchanged for decades. Development of new test methods must reflect the specific impact loads causing injury in real crashes as well as test criteria appropriate for the observed injury profiles. This study analysed a collection of in-depth crash investigations of fatally injured helmeted riders in the Adelaide metropolitan region between 1983 and 1994 inclusive to review the head and neck injury patterns that resulted from specific types of impact.

Development and dissolution studies of bisphosphonate (clodronate)-containing hydroxyapatite-polylactic acid biocomposites for slow drug delivery.

An increase in clinical demand on the controlled release of bisphosphonates (BPs) due to complications associated with systemic administration, has been the current driving force on the development of BP drug-release systems. Bisphosphonates have the ability to bind to divalent metal ions, such as Ca , in bone mineral and prevent bone resorption by influencing the apoptosis of osteoclasts. Localized delivery using biodegradable materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HAp), which are ideal in this approach, have been used in this study to investigate the dissolution of clodronate (non-nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate) in a new release system.

Marine structure derived calcium phosphate-polymer biocomposites for local antibiotic delivery.

Hydrothermally converted coralline hydroxyapatite (HAp) particles loaded with medically active substances were used to develop polylactic acid (PLA) thin film composites for slow drug delivery systems. The effects of HAp particles within PLA matrix on the gentamicin (GM) release and release kinetics were studied. The gentamicin release kinetics seemed to follow Power law Korsmeyer Peppas model with mainly diffusional process with a number of different drug transport mechanisms.

Fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adhesion to silica surfaces with stochastic nanotopography.

In this study, the effect of surface nanoscale roughness on fibrinogen adsorption and platelet adhesion was investigated. Nanorough silica surfaces with a low level of surface roughness (10 nm Rrms) were found to support the same level of fibrinogen adsorption as the planar silica surfaces, while nanorough silica surfaces with higher levels of surface roughness (15 nm Rrms) were found to support significantly less fibrinogen adsorption. All surfaces analyzed were found to support the same level of platelet adhesion; however, platelets were rounded in morphology on the nanorough silica surfaces while platelets were spread with a well-developed actin cytoskeleton on the planar silica.

Bioresorbable zinc hydroxyapatite guided bone regeneration membrane for bone regeneration.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the bone regenerative properties of a heat treated cross-linked GBR membrane with zinc hydroxyapatite powders in the rat calvarial defect model over a 6-week period.

Material And Methods: In vitro physio-chemical characterization involved X-ray diffraction analysis, surface topology by scanning electron microscopy, and zinc release studies in physiological buffers. Bilateral rat calvarial defects were used to compare the Zn-HAp membranes against the commercially available collagen membranes and the unfilled defect group through radiological and histological evaluation.

Effect of biomimetic zinc-containing tricalcium phosphate (Zn-TCP) on the growth and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Several studies have shown the effectiveness of zinc-tricalcium phosphate (Zn-TCP) for bone tissue engineering. In this study, marine calcareous foraminifera possessing uniform pore size distribution were hydrothermally converted to Zn-TCP. The ability of a scaffold to combine effectively with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a key tissue-engineering aim.

Antibiotic delivery potential of nano- and micro-porous marine structure-derived β-tricalcium phosphate spheres for medical applications.

Aims: This study gives a detailed evaluation of the antibiotic potential of a marine structure-based new drug delivery system produced by hydrothermally converting foraminifera exoskeletons to β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to treat clinical strain Staphylococcus aureus (MW2).

Materials & Methods: Foraminifera precursor materials were hydrothermally converted at 250°C for 48 h to produce β-TCP and loaded with gentamicin sulfate by adsorption for 24 h. The physicochemical properties of the material were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, powder x-ray diffraction and for pore size distribution profiles.

Bone regeneration of rat tibial defect by zinc-tricalcium phosphate (Zn-TCP) synthesized from porous Foraminifera carbonate macrospheres.

Foraminifera carbonate exoskeleton was hydrothermally converted to biocompatible and biodegradable zinc-tricalcium phosphate (Zn-TCP) as an alternative biomimetic material for bone fracture repair. Zn-TCP samples implanted in a rat tibial defect model for eight weeks were compared with unfilled defect and beta-tricalcium phosphate showing accelerated bone regeneration compared with the control groups, with statistically significant bone mineral density and bone mineral content growth. CT images of the defect showed restoration of cancellous bone in Zn-TCP and only minimal growth in control group.