Dorsal switch protein 1 as a damage signal in insect gut immunity to activate dual oxidase an eicosanoid, PGE.

Various microbiota including beneficial symbionts reside in the insect gut. Infections of pathogens cause dysregulation of the microflora and threaten insect survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been used in the gut immune responses, in which its production is tightly regulated by controlling dual oxidase (Duox) activity Ca signal to protect beneficial microflora and gut epithelium due to its high cytotoxicity.

Phurealipids, produced by the entomopathogenic bacteria, Photorhabdus, mimic juvenile hormone to suppress insect immunity and immature development.

Phurealipids (Photorhabdus urea lipids) are synthesized from Photorhabdus bacteria that are symbiotic to entomopathogenic nematodes. Their chemical structures are similar to that of juvenile hormone (JH) and have been suspected to mimic JH signaling in immunity and the development of insects. This study investigated the physiological roles of phurealipids with respect to their contribution to bacterial pathogenicity using four natural (HB13, HB69, HB416, and HB421) and one derivative (HB27) compound.

HMG-Like DSP1 Mediates Immune Responses of the Western Flower Thrips () Against , a Fungal Pathogen.

Western flower thrips, , is a serious pest by directly infesting host crops. It can also give indirect damage to host crops by transmitting a plant virus called tomato spotted wilt virus. A fungal pathogen, , can infect thrips.

Thelytokous Reproduction of Onion Thrips, Lindeman 1889, Infesting Welsh Onion and Genetic Variation among Their Subpopulations.

Parthenogenesis is not uncommon in thrips. This asexual reproduction produces males (arrhenotokous) or female (thelytokous). Only females are found in the onion thrips ( Lindeman 1889) infesting Welsh onion () in several areas of Korea.

Toll signal pathway activating eicosanoid biosynthesis shares its conserved upstream recognition components in a lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua upon infection by Metarhizium rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus.

Eicosanoids play crucial roles in mediating immune responses in insects. Upon a fungal infection, Toll signal pathway can mediate immune responses of Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, by activating eicosanoid biosynthesis. However, upstream signal components of the Toll signal pathway activating eicosanoid biosynthesis remain unclear.

CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis against sex pheromone biosynthesis leads to loss of female attractiveness in Spodoptera exigua, an insect pestt.

Virgin female moths are known to release sex pheromones to attract conspecific males. Accurate sex pheromones are required for their chemical communication. Sex pheromones of Spodoptera exigua, a lepidopteran insect, contain unsaturated fatty acid derivatives having a double bond at the 12th carbon position.

The prostanoids, thromboxanes, mediate hemocytic immunity to bacterial infection in the lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua.

We report on a new insect prostanoid in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. Thromboxane B (TXB) was detected by LC-MS/MS in extracts of larval epidermis, midgut, fat body and hemocytes, with highest amounts in hemocytes (about 300 ng/g tissue with substantial variation). Thromboxane A (TXA) is an unstable intermediate that is non-enzymatically hydrolyzed into the stable TXB In S.

Antiviral Treatment Reveals a Cooperative Pathogenicity of Baculovirus and Iflavirus in , a Lepidopteran Insect.

NPVThe beet armyworm, , is a serious insect pest infesting various vegetable crops. Two infectious insect viruses, baculovirus and iflavirus, are known to induce epizootics in populations. Indeed, some laboratory colonies have appeared to be covertly infected by these viruses.

Variations of Indole Metabolites and NRPS-PKS Loci in Two Different Virulent Strains of .

ANU1 is known to be an entomopathogenic bacterium symbiotic to nematode . Another bacterial strain DY1 was isolated from a local population of . This bacterial strain DY1 was found to exhibit high insecticidal activities against lepidopteran and coleopteran species after hemocoelic injection.

Tolerance of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, to an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, at two infection foci, the intestine and the hemocoel.

An entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae K1, exhibits pathogenicity in various insect hosts, however, its virulence among the target insect species varies. Specifically, a coleopteran insect, Tenebrio molitor, is less susceptible to S. feltiae than are lepidopteran insects.

sPLA behaves like a prophylactic agent and mediates cellular and humoral immune responses in Plutella xylostella.

Most immune effectors are inducible to microbial pathogen infection while some are already present to act as prophylactic immunity against as yet unseen infection. This study identified secretory phospholipase A (sPLA ) as a prophylactic factor in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody raised against other lepidopteran sPLA reacted specifically with ∼25 kDa protein, which was present at approximately 0.

Host Immunosuppression Induced by , an Entomopathogenic Nematode, through Inhibition of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis.

K1 (Filipjev) (Nematode: Steinernematidae), an entomopathogenic nematode, was isolated and identified based on its morphological and molecular diagnostic characteristics. Its infective juveniles (IJs) were highly pathogenic to three lepidopteran (LC = 23.7-25.