The use of imagery in group schema therapy.

This article describes using imagery approaches during group schema therapy (GST). Imagery approaches are an important tool for identifying and changing maladaptive schema modes and early maladaptive schemas. It summarises the theoretical background of the group imagery method and practical case vignettes.

Managing supervisory drift in cognitive behavioral therapy: A narrative review with case vignettes.

Drift is a phenomenon that can occur in cognitive-behavioral supervision, where core components of supervision are omitted, avoided, or deprioritized. This narrative review explores the signs, reasons, and impact of supervisory drift at the experiential, cognitive, and emotional levels for both the supervisor and the supervisee. Additionally, the article presents potential solutions for preventing and addressing supervisory drift, such as staying on track, anticipating problems before they arise, adapting supervision to the supervisee's needs, using active supervision methods to understand drift better, engaging in Supervision of Supervision (SoS), and using alliance measures.

Practical viewpoints on ethical questions and dilemmas in schema therapy.

Background: Ethics is an inherent part of psychotherapy that protects the interests and rights of all parties engaged in the therapeutic relationship. This article focuses on ethical issues and dilemmas that may arise when using schema therapy.

Method: We created a narrative review by searching the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus with the keywords "psychotherapy", "schema therapy", "therapeutic relationship", "ethics", "ethical questions", and "ethical dilemmas".

Building skills in cognitive behavioral supervision.

The purpose of supervision is to ensure that clients' needs are met and to monitor the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and the therapeutic relationship. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) supervision is the systematic cooperation of the supervisee with the supervisor, which aims at increasing the therapists' competencies when working with specific clients. The advantage of supervision is the possibility to shape and develop the therapist's practical skills through specific techniques.

The river of life method in a schema therapy groups.

Schema therapy is an integrative approach to treat patients with personality disorders and other complex psychological problems. Group schema therapy has been developed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of schema therapy by providing a supportive and stimulating environment for change. This article introduces the River of Life Method, a novel technique for facilitating group schema therapy, based on the metaphor of a river of life.

Exploring self-care within the context of cognitive behavioural therapy and supervision.

This article emphasizes the critical role of self-care in the professional lives of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) therapists and supervisors. It delves into the importance of self-care, elucidating its significance in maintaining therapists' mental health and effectiveness. The article presents a range of practical strategies that promote self-care, providing therapists and supervisors with specific steps to incorporate self-care into their daily routines.

Self-stigma in patients with schizophrenia: Impact and management.

Background: Prejudices against individuals with schizophrenia can interfere with diagnostic and treatment processes, particularly with the patient's further adaptation and reintegration. Self-stigma could have significant detrimental consequences for patients suffering from psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.

Method: This paper reviews findings about self-stigma connected to schizophrenia.

Black & white relations: Intimate relationships of patients with borderline personality disorder.

Background: Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) suffer from an excessive fear of abandonment, leading to tense moments in their intimate relationships. These struggles translate into lower marital satisfaction perceived by both intimate partners. However, this connection is bidirectional, since conflicts with a romantic partner are the most common precipitating factors of decompensation in BPD patients.

Problems in Cognitive-Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Background and Clinical Application.

Cognitive-behavioural therapists and trainees are encouraged to undergo supervision when offering therapy to troubled clients and to process personal attitudes and events likely to affect their therapeutic work. We discuss common problems in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) supervision, which may arise at the client, supervisee, or supervisor level. These issues include difficulties with case formulation, therapeutic strategies, and the therapeutic relationship.

Stigma and self-stigma in borderline personality disorder: A narrative review.

Introduction: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) presents a highly stigmatised condition. Individuals with BPD may experience stigmatising attitudes and remarks from the general population and mental health professionals. Significant self-stigma also seems common.

The importance of self-experience and self-reflection in training of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Self-awareness can be characterised as impartial, non-judgmental thoughtful attention towards the self. Self-reflection in therapy is when a therapist reviews their experiences, thoughts, and behaviours concerning therapy and changes them as needed to enhance the therapeutic process. Therapists with good quality self-reflection can make more effective and ethical decisions, differentiate their own needs from clients', understand transference and countertransference, and consider the optimal response during a session.

Role-playing in cognitive behavioral supervision.

Role-play helps the supervisor present a moment of therapy, and reflect on what has happened to the therapist to the patient and further model the therapeutic skills. Usually, the supervisor or other supervisees (in group supervision) play the patient, and the therapist plays a significant moment in the psychotherapeutic session. Supervisors or supervisees in group supervision can play the patient in different situations, and can also reverse roles when the therapist plays their patient, and the supervisor plays the therapist.

Ethical reflection in cognitive behavioral therapy and supervision: Theory and practice.

Ethical reflection is a process that comes from the deeper attitudes and values of the therapist and supervisor. The capability to recognize one's perspectives and ethical dimensions and how they affect own practice is one of the crucial tasks of a responsible therapist. Attitudes and values of an individual or a group may significantly influence the therapeutic process and a choice of strategies and behaviour towards the patient, often working at an unconscious, unreflected levels.

Early life experiences and adult attachment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part 2: Therapeutic effectiveness of combined cognitive behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy in treatment-resistant inpatients.

Objectives: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disorder that is often hard to treat with current treatment options. Therapeutic outcomes are predicted by many factors, ranging from biological to psychosocial. Early life experiences and adult attachment influence the effectiveness of the treatment.

Early life experiences and adult attachment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Part 1: Relationships between demographic, clinical, and psychological factors in pharmacoresistant OCD.

Objectives: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been connected to various psychosocial factors that might influence its onset and course. Developmental factors, such as parenting styles or early adverse experiences, and adult attachment have been listed as examples. However, the research on the interconnections of these factors brought mixed results.

Homework in Cognitive Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Background and Clinical Application.

The homework aims to generalize the patient's knowledge and encourage practicing skills learned during therapy sessions. Encouraging and facilitating homework is an important part of supervisees in their supervision, and problems with using homework in therapy are a common supervision agenda. Supervisees are encouraged to conceptualize the patient's lack of homework and promote awareness of their own beliefs and responses to non-cooperation.

Unmet emotional, interpersonal, and treatment needs in patients with borderline personality disorder.

Objective: Needs of psychiatric patients may be to a various degree frustrated. A sole focus on treatment effectiveness can lead to the omission of other patient's needs. Patients with borderline personality disorder present high demands on health and social services that often remain unmet.

Managing Transference and Countertransference in Cognitive Behavioral Supervision: Theoretical Framework and Clinical Application.

Dysfunctional patterns, beliefs, and assumptions that affect a patient's perception of other people often affect their perceptions and behaviours towards the therapist. This tendency has been traditionally called transference for its psychoanalytical roots and presents an important factor to monitor and process. In supervision, it is important to put the patient's transference in the context of the conceptualization of the case.

Hallucinations and Other Psychotic Symptoms in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder.

Background: Psychotic symptoms in BPD are not uncommon, and they are diverse and phenomenologically similar to those in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Despite their prevalence in BPD patients, knowledge about the characteristics and severity of hallucinations is limited, especially in modalities other than auditory.

Aim: This review summarises the causes, phenomenology, severity, and treatment options of hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms in BPD.

Schema Therapy for Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Theoretical Framework and Application.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mood disorder characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania or mania. Despite its primarily biological roots, the onset and course of the disorder have also been related to psychosocial factors such as early adverse experiences and related maladaptive schemas. Several researchers proposed a schema therapeutic model to treat patients with BD.

Nightmares in obstructive sleep apnoea.

Objective: Obstructive events in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) cause recurrent sleep fragmentation and occasional desaturation, which can cause various parasomnias, including nightmares. Several lines of evidence suggest that OSA may be potentially associated with a higher frequency of nightmares.

Method: We searched for studies published from January 2000 until November 2020 in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar.

Self-stigma, severity of psychopatology, dissociation, parental style and comorbid personality disorder in patient with neurotic spectrum disorders Part 2: Therapeutic efficacy of intensive psychotherapeutic inpatients program.

Objectives: The effect of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders may be related with predictive factors such as the severity of the disorder, diagnosis, self-stigma level, personality characteristics, comorbidity with depression and personality disorder, dissociation, and traumatic childhood experience. This study focuses on finding factors related to the effect of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders.

Method: The study was conducted at the Psychotherapeutic ward of the Psychiatric Department in Regional Hospital Liberec from October 2015 to March 2019.

Self-stigma, severity of psychopatology, dissociation, parental style and comorbid personality disorder in patient with neurotic spectrum disorders Part 1: Relationships between self-stigma and clinical, psychosocial and demograph.

Objectives: Self-stigma represents a process of accepting negative social prejudices with a consequent negative impact on many areas of the patient's life (self-concept, social and work functioning, relationships, cooperation in treatment, quality of life, willingness to strive for something). The study was aimed to examine the level of self-stigma and other significant variables potentially related to self-stigma (personality characteristics, childhood traumatisation, anxiety, depression, personality disorder, dissociation, parental styles, attachment).

Method: The study was conducted at the Psychotherapeutic section of the Psychiatric Department in Regional Hospital Liberec from October 2015 to March 2019.

Insomnia in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder.

Objective: Both sleep disorders and BPD are prevalent in the population, and one is often a comorbidity of the other. This narrative review aims to assess contemporary literature and scientific databases to provide the current state of knowledge about sleep disorders in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and clinical suggestions for managing sleep disorders in BPD patients and future research direction.

Methods: Articles were acquired via PubMed and Web of Science, and papers published between January 1980 and October 2020 were extracted.