A map of the rubisco biochemical landscape.

Rubisco is the primary CO-fixing enzyme of the biosphere, yet it has slow kinetics. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining its biochemical function remain debated. Engineering efforts aimed at adjusting the biochemical parameters of rubisco have largely failed, although recent results indicate that the functional potential of rubisco has a wider scope than previously known.

Glatiramer Acetate for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: From First-Generation Therapy to Elucidation of Immunomodulation and Repair.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with a putative autoimmune origin and complex pathogenesis. Modification of the natural history of MS by reducing relapses and slowing disability accumulation was first attained in the 1990 s with the development of the first-generation disease-modifying therapies. Glatiramer acetate (GA), a copolymer of L-alanine, L-lysine, L-glutamic acid, and L-tyrosine, was discovered due to its ability to suppress the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Life Satisfaction Among Diverse Participants.

Introduction: Mental health (MH) conditions are among the most common chronic health conditions in the United States. Previous studies suggested decreased in life satisfaction post-COVID-19 in other populations outside the United States. This study explored the correlations between life satisfaction and MH among diverse community post-COVID-19 pandemic.

A systematic exploration of bacterial form I rubisco maximal carboxylation rates.

Autotrophy is the basis for complex life on Earth. Central to this process is rubisco-the enzyme that catalyzes almost all carbon fixation on the planet. Yet, with only a small fraction of rubisco diversity kinetically characterized so far, the underlying biological factors driving the evolution of fast rubiscos in nature remain unclear.

Centering diversity, equity, and inclusion in a regional professional nursing organization.

Background: Professional nursing organizations can respond to threats to social justice by strengthening structures to support diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI).

Purpose: Describe implementation strategies and outcomes to advance DEI from the Western Institute of Nursing (WIN).

Methods: In 2019, WIN committed to prioritizing DEI by updating its vision and mission.

A map of the rubisco biochemical landscape.

Rubisco is the primary CO fixing enzyme of the biosphere yet has slow kinetics. The roles of evolution and chemical mechanism in constraining the sequence landscape of rubisco remain debated. In order to map sequence to function, we developed a massively parallel assay for rubisco using an engineered where enzyme function is coupled to growth.

Autotrophic growth of is achieved by a small number of genetic changes.

Synthetic autotrophy is a promising avenue to sustainable bioproduction from CO. Here, we use iterative laboratory evolution to generate several distinct autotrophic strains. Utilising this genetic diversity, we identify that just three mutations are sufficient for to grow autotrophically, when introduced alongside non-native energy (formate dehydrogenase) and carbon-fixing (RuBisCO, phosphoribulokinase, carbonic anhydrase) modules.

The total mass, number, and distribution of immune cells in the human body.

The immune system is a complex network of cells with critical functions in health and disease. However, a comprehensive census of the cells comprising the immune system is lacking. Here, we estimated the abundance of the primary immune cell types throughout all tissues in the human body.

The geologic history of primary productivity.

The rate of primary productivity is a keystone variable in driving biogeochemical cycles today and has been throughout Earth's past. For example, it plays a critical role in determining nutrient stoichiometry in the oceans, the amount of global biomass, and the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Modern estimates suggest that terrestrial and marine realms contribute near-equal amounts to global gross primary productivity (GPP).

Measuring vaccine protection when the population is mostly vaccinated.

Objectives: This study aims to address limitations in assessing vaccine protection using the classical vaccine effectiveness (VE) measure, especially in contexts where a significant portion of the population is already vaccinated or infected.

Study Design And Setting: We propose using the adjusted number of cases (ANC) as a building block for deriving vaccine effectiveness measures. This approach accounts for biases arising from small and unrepresentative unvaccinated reference groups with incomplete data.

Nurses and Respiratory Therapists Lived Experience During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: Nurses and respiratory therapists working on the frontline during the pandemic surge were short-staffed and worked extended hours while adding new tasks to already demanding workloads. As the world watched news covering COVID-19's effect, nurses and respiratory therapists lived through the daily stress of treating each patient with care, dignity, and compassion. Limited studies have focused on this population, which is vital to providing care and saving lives; research is needed to understand nurses' and respiratory therapists' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Development of Ofatumumab, a Fully Human Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody for Practical Use in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treatment.

The importance of B cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been demonstrated through the advent of B-cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibody therapies. Ofatumumab is the first fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) developed and tested for subcutaneous (SC) self-administration at monthly doses of 20 mg, and has been approved in the US, UK, EU, and other regions and countries worldwide for the treatment of relapsing MS. The development goal of ofatumumab was to obtain a highly efficacious anti-CD20 therapy, with a safety and tolerability profile that allows for self-administration by MS patients at home and a positive benefit-risk balance for use in the broad relapsing MS population.

Practical recommendations on treatment of multiple sclerosis with Cladribine: an Israeli Experts Group‏ Viewpoint.

Cladribine tablets (Mavenclad) were approved by the European Union in 2017 as high-efficacy therapy for highly active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In Israel, Mavenclad was approved in 2018. Real-life experience has confirmed the efficacy of cladribine tablets over at least 4 years from the initial course.

The global human day.

The daily activities of ≈8 billion people occupy exactly 24 h per day, placing a strict physical limit on what changes can be achieved in the world. These activities form the basis of human behavior, and because of the global integration of societies and economies, many of these activities interact across national borders. Yet, there is no comprehensive overview of how the finite resource of time is allocated at the global scale.

Understanding the Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Among Hispanic/Latinx Communities.

Objective: COVID-19 disproportionally affected Hispanic/Latinx populations exacerbating systemic health inequities. The pilot study aimed to explore barriers to COVID-19 vaccination across Hispanic/Latinx communities in Southern California.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 200 participants to identify common barriers to vaccine hesitancy among Hispanics/Latinx individuals in Southern California utilizing a 14-item survey and questionnaire in English and Spanish.

The consequences of switching from Gilenya® to generics for fingolimod.

Background: On May 2017, two generic drugs for fingolimod were introduced into the market in Israel, and most MS patients treated with Gilenya® (Novartis) were switched to fingolimod (Teva), or to Finolim (Rafa). In this study we analyzed the consequences of switching to generic fingolimod in a single MS center.

Methods: Study population included relapsing MS patients who were treated with Gilenya® for at least two year before May 2017, switched to generic fingolimod and remained on treatment for at least 2 years thereafter.

B cell targeted therapies in inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.

Cumulative evidence along several lines indicates that B cells play an important role in the pathological course of multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitisoptica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and related CNS diseases. This has prompted extensive research in exploring the utility of targeting B cells to contain disease activity in these disorders. In this review, we first recapitulate the development of B cells from their origin in the bone marrow to their migration to the periphery, including the expression of therapy-relevant surface immunoglobulin isotypes.

Protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 severe disease 0-7 months after BNT162b2 booster.

Following evidence of waning immunity against both infection and severe disease after 2 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, Israel began administering a 3rd BNT162b2 dose (booster) in July 2021. Recent studies showed that the 3rd dose provides a much lower protection against infection with the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant and that this protection wanes quickly. However, there is little evidence regarding the protection of the 3rd dose against Omicron (BA.

The global biomass of wild mammals.

Wild mammals are icons of conservation efforts, yet there is no rigorous estimate available for their overall global biomass. Biomass as a metric allows us to compare species with very different body sizes, and can serve as an indicator of wild mammal presence, trends, and impacts, on a global scale. Here, we compiled estimates of the total abundance (i.

The global biomass and number of terrestrial arthropods.

Insects and other arthropods are central to terrestrial ecosystems. However, data are lacking regarding their global population abundance. We synthesized thousands of evaluations from around 500 sites worldwide, estimating the absolute biomass and abundance of terrestrial arthropods across different taxa and habitats.