Iodine Deficiency Hypothyroidism Among Children in the United States - 21st Century Resurgence?

Background/objective: Iodine deficiency hypothyroidism is an important cause of neurocognitive and motor impairment in children globally. In the United States, universal salt iodization, which began in the 1920s, led to a dramatic decline in iodine deficiency hypothyroidism. However, iodine deficiency may be reemerging due to increased consumption of noniodized salts, decreased dairy iodine concentrations, and decreased intake of iodine containing foods due to food allergies, dietary preferences such as vegan diets, or restrictive food intake disorders.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis treatments, the case for a phase III platform trial.

Most phase III trials in drug-resistant tuberculosis have either been underpowered to quantify differences in microbiological endpoints or have taken up to a decade to complete. Composite primary endpoints, dominated by differences in treatment discontinuation and regimen changes, may mask important differences in treatment failure and relapse. Although new regimens for drug-resistant tuberculosis appear very effective, resistance to new drugs is emerging rapidly.

Higher Rates of Certain Autoimmune Diseases in Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of certain autoimmune diseases in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth.

Methods: A multicenter, retrospective analysis was conducted from January 2013 to January 2019 of youth ≤26 years of age with concurrent diagnoses of gender dysphoria (GD) and at least one of the studied autoimmune diseases. Prevalence rates were calculated and compared to previously reported rates.

Gendered gaps to tuberculosis prevention and care in Kenya: a political economy analysis study.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health concern in Kenya despite the massive global efforts towards ending TB. The impediments to TB prevention and care efforts include poor health systems, resource limitations and other sociopolitical contexts that inform policy and implementation. Notably, TB cases are much higher in men than women.

Laboratory Changes During Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Adolescents.

Objectives: Guidelines for monitoring of medications frequently used in the gender-affirming care of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents are based on studies in adults or other medical conditions. In this study, we aimed to investigate commonly screened laboratory measurements in TGD adolescents receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT).

Methods: TGD adolescents were recruited from 4 study sites in the United States before beginning GAHT.

Co-existence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Myasthenia Gravis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background/objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and myasthenia gravis (MG) are autoimmune conditions that rarely co-occur. Here, we report a child with MG who subsequently developed T1D.

Case Report: An 11-year-old girl with seropositive MG diagnosed at 4 years of age presented with muscle pain, cramps, and weight loss of 3.

Headache prevalence in transgender and gender diverse youth: A single-center case-control study.

Objective: Assess the prevalence of headache in transgender and gender-diverse adolescents, comparing prevalence with and without exposure to gender-affirming hormone therapy.

Background: Transgender and gender-diverse youth are an understudied group in whom we can study the effects of sex steroids on adolescents' development of headache. We hypothesized that transfeminine adolescents treated with estrogen would have higher odds of headache than those not treated, and that transmasculine adolescents treated with testosterone would have lower odds of headache than those not treated.

Placental calcifications after coronavirus disease 2019 in first trimester of pregnancy: ultrasound and pathology findings.

The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on placental tissue is unclear. We present a case of symptomatic first trimester SARS-CoV-2 infection in which longitudinal ultrasound images demonstrated diffuse areas of echogenic foci. Her 39-week delivery, following an elective induction of labor, was uncomplicated, and placental pathol-ogy evaluation noted extensive calcifications.

Histopathologic evaluation of dichorionic twin placentas in unassisted and in vitro fertilized pregnancies affected by preeclampsia.

Objective: Pregnancies achieved with assisted reproductive technology have an increased risk of multiple gestations, preeclampsia, and placental morphologic abnormalities. Inflammatory processes affect dichorionic twin pregnancies disproportionately more than singleton gestations and have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Our objective is to investigate the placental morphology of dichorionic twin pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia conceived with fertilization (IVF) versus unassisted.

Expansion of the clinical and neuroimaging spectrum associated with NDUFS8-related disorder.

Biallelic pathogenic variants in , a nuclear gene encoding a subunit of mitochondrial complex I, result in a mitochondrial disorder characterized by varying clinical presentations and severity. Here, we expand the neuroimaging and clinical spectrum of NDUFS8-related disorder. We present three cases from two unrelated families (a girl and two brothers) homozygous for a recurrent pathogenic variant [c.

Pneumomediastinum in COVID-19: a phenotype of severe COVID-19 pneumonitis? The results of the UK POETIC survey.

Background: There is an emerging understanding that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with increased incidence of pneumomediastinum (PTM). We aimed to determine its incidence among patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK and describe factors associated with outcome.

Methods: A structured survey of PTM and its incidence was conducted from September 2020 to February 2021.

The effect of gender-affirming hormone treatment on serum creatinine in transgender and gender-diverse youth: implications for estimating GFR.

Background: Equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on serum creatinine include terms for sex/gender. For transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth, gender-affirming hormone (GAH) treatment may affect serum creatinine and in turn eGFR.

Methods: TGD youth were recruited for this prospective, longitudinal, observational study prior to starting GAH treatment.

Hyperglycemia during induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is temporally linked to pegaspargase administration.

Background: Chemotherapy regimens containing glucocorticoids and pegaspargase are associated with hyperglycemia; however, the pattern and underlying risk factors are not well characterized. We determined the pattern of hyperglycemia and associated factors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving glucocorticoids and pegaspargase during induction.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients treated between 2010 and 2020 at a single institution.

Lipoprotein subtypes after testosterone therapy in transmasculine adolescents.

Differences in lipoprotein-particle subclasses between men and women start in puberty and narrow after menopause, suggesting a role for sex steroids. In this cross-sectional cohort study, we examined lipoprotein subtype profiles in transmasculine adolescents treated with testosterone. Transmasculine adolescents (n = 17) had lipoprotein profiles that were similar to those of cisgender males (n = 33) and more atherogenic than those of cisgender females (n = 32), with higher concentrations of small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (435 ± 222 nmol/L vs.

Greater Than Expected Prevalence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Found in an Urban Gender Program.

The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth is nearly five times higher than in the general pediatric population (9.9 per 1000 people vs. 1.