Brassicaceae display variation in efficiency of photorespiratory carbon-recapturing mechanisms.

Carbon-concentrating mechanisms enhance the carboxylase efficiency of Rubisco by providing supra-atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in its surroundings. Beside the C4 photosynthesis pathway, carbon concentration can also be achieved by the photorespiratory glycine shuttle which requires fewer and less complex modifications. Plants displaying CO2 compensation points between 10 ppm and 40 ppm are often considered to utilize such a photorespiratory shuttle and are termed 'C3-C4 intermediates'.

Cofunctioning of bacterial exometabolites drives root microbiota establishment.

Soil-dwelling microbes are the principal inoculum for the root microbiota, but our understanding of microbe-microbe interactions in microbiota establishment remains fragmentary. We tested 39,204 binary interbacterial interactions for inhibitory activities in vitro, allowing us to identify taxonomic signatures in bacterial inhibition profiles. Using genetic and metabolomic approaches, we identified the antimicrobial 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and the iron chelator pyoverdine as exometabolites whose combined functions explain most of the inhibitory activity of the strongly antagonistic R401.

Fungi hijack a ubiquitous plant apoplastic endoglucanase to release a ROS scavenging β-glucan decasaccharide to subvert immune responses.

Plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi have evolved several strategies to evade immunity and cope with host-derived hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress in the apoplast, the extracellular space of plant tissues. Fungal hyphae are surrounded by an inner insoluble cell wall layer and an outer soluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Here, we show by proteomics and glycomics that these two layers have distinct protein and carbohydrate signatures, and hence likely have different biological functions.

Unraveling the sugar code: the role of microbial extracellular glycans in plant-microbe interactions.

To defend against microbial invaders but also to establish symbiotic programs, plants need to detect the presence of microbes through the perception of molecular signatures characteristic of a whole class of microbes. Among these molecular signatures, extracellular glycans represent a structurally complex and diverse group of biomolecules that has a pivotal role in the molecular dialog between plants and microbes. Secreted glycans and glycoconjugates such as symbiotic lipochitooligosaccharides or immunosuppressive cyclic β-glucans act as microbial messengers that prepare the ground for host colonization.

Molecular composition of the human primary visual cortex profiled by multimodal mass spectrometry imaging.

The primary visual cortex (area V1) is an extensively studied part of the cerebral cortex with well-characterized connectivity, cellular and molecular architecture and functions (for recent reviews see Amunts and Zilles, Neuron 88:1086-1107, 2015; Casagrande and Xu, Parallel visual pathways: a comparative perspective. The visual neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 494-506, 2004). In humans, V1 is defined by heavily myelinated fibers arriving from the radiatio optica that form the Gennari stripe in cortical layer IV, which is further subdivided into laminae IVa, IVb, IVcα and IVcβ.

N-Degradomic Analysis Reveals a Proteolytic Network Processing the Podocyte Cytoskeleton.

Regulated intracellular proteostasis, controlled in part by proteolysis, is essential in maintaining the integrity of podocytes and the glomerular filtration barrier of the kidney. We applied a novel proteomics technology that enables proteome-wide identification, mapping, and quantification of protein N-termini to comprehensively characterize cleaved podocyte proteins in the glomerulus We found evidence that defined proteolytic cleavage results in various proteoforms of important podocyte proteins, including those of podocin, nephrin, neph1, -actinin-4, and vimentin. Quantitative mapping of N-termini demonstrated perturbation of protease action during podocyte injury , including diminished proteolysis of -actinin-4.