A Fresh Look at Celery Collenchyma and Parenchyma Cell Walls Through a Combination of Biochemical, Histochemical, and Transcriptomic Analyses.

Celery () can be considered as a model plant for studying pectin-enriched primary cell walls. In addition to parenchyma cells with xyloglucan-deficient walls, celery petioles contain collenchyma, a mechanical tissue with thickened cell walls of similar composition. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of these tissues at both early and late developmental stages, integrating data on polysaccharide yield, composition, localization, and transcriptome analysis.

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery.

Disruption of cholinesterases and, as a consequence, increased levels of acetylcholine lead to serious disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system, including death. The need for rapid administration of an antidote to restore esterase activity is critical, but practical implementation of this is often difficult. One promising solution may be the development of antidote delivery systems that will release the drug only when acetylcholine levels are elevated.

Phosphonates of : Discovery and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.

Many phytopathogens' gene products that contribute to plant-pathogen interactions remain unexplored. In one of the most harmful phytopathogenic bacterium (), phosphonate-related genes have been previously shown to be among the most upregulated following host plant colonization. However, phosphonates, compounds characterized by a carbon-phosphorus bond in their composition, have not been described in species and other phytopathogenic bacteria, with the exception of and .

Influence of flaxseed mucilage on the formation, composition, and properties of exopolysaccharides produced by different strains of lactic acid bacteria.

Microorganisms produce a wide variety of polysaccharides. Due to biosafety considerations, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are popular producers of exopolysaccharides (EPS) for various applications. In this study, we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS produced by L.

Specificity of widely used lectins as probed with oligosaccharide and plant polysaccharide arrays.

Glycan-binding specificity was studied for Jacalin, RCA 120, SBA, PHA-L, PHA-E, WGA, UEA, AAL, LTL, LEL, SNA, DSA, LCA, MAH and Con A, lectins widely used in histochemistry. Oligosaccharide- and polysaccharide-based glycan arrays were applied. Expected specificity was confirmed for only 6 of the 15 lectins and the glycan binding profiles of some lectins were dramatically broader than generally accepted.

Rhamnogalacturonan I with β-(1,4)-Galactan Side Chains as an Ever-Present Component of Tertiary Cell Wall of Plant Fibers.

The cellulose-enriched tertiary cell walls present in many plant fibers have specific composition, architecture, machinery of formation, and function. To better understand the mechanisms underlying their mode of action and to reveal the peculiarities of fibers from different plant species, it is necessary to more deeply characterize the major components. Next to overwhelming cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is considered to be the key polymer of the tertiary cell wall; however, it has been isolated and biochemically characterized in very few plant species.

Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues reveals peculiarities of the collenchyma cell wall formation.

Transcriptome and biochemical analyses are applied to individual plant cell types to reveal potential players involved in the molecular machinery of cell wall formation in specialized cells such as collenchyma. Plant collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by an irregular, thickened cell wall and the ability to support cell elongation. The composition of the collenchyma cell wall resembles that of the primary cell wall and includes cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectin; lignin is absent.

Plant Polysaccharide Array for Studying Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins.

The specificity of the most plant carbohydrate-binding proteins (CBP), many of which are known only through bioinformatic analysis of the genome, has either not been studied at all or characterized to a limited extent. The task of deciphering the carbohydrate specificity of the proteins can be solved using glycoarrays composed of many tens or even hundreds of glycans immobilized on a glass surface. Plant carbohydrates are the most significant natural ligands for plant proteins; this work shows that plant polysaccharides without additional modification can be immobilized on the surface, bearing N-hydroxysuccinimide activated carboxyl groups.

Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design.

The review summarizes the plant lifehacks on material design on the example of the impressive cellulose-enriched cell wall deposited by fibers of many plants. This specific cell wall type is called tertiary since it is deposited after the secondary cell wall and is very distinct in the machinery of formation and function. The basic principles of tertiary cell wall performance include: 1) original composition (two major players - cellulose microfibrils and the version of rhamnogalacturonan I that forms specific supramolecular structures); 2) original cell wall design with axial orientation of all cellulose microfibrils, pronounced lateral interactions between them and the presence of the entrapped rhamnogalacturonan I; 3) dynamic changes in cell wall supramolecular organization due to rhamnogalacturonan I modifications in muro in the course of fiber maturation; 4) the built-in sensors that trace the cell wall state; 5) incorporation of tertiary cell wall into the system with higher level of organization.

The Role of Exopolysaccharides in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.

The phytopathogenic bacterium (), one of the members of the soft rot , forms biofilm-like structures known as bacterial emboli when colonizing the primary xylem vessels of the host plants. The initial extracellular matrix of the bacterial emboli is composed of the host plant's pectic polysaccharides, which are gradually substituted by the -produced exopolysaccharides ( EPS) as the bacterial emboli "mature". No information about the properties of EPS and their possible roles in -plant interactions has so far been obtained.

The Modification of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Potato Plants during -Caused Infection.

Our study is the first to consider the changes in the entire set of matrix plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides in the course of a plant infectious disease. We compared the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide content, and the epitope distribution of pectic compounds and cross-linking glycans in non-infected potato plants and plants infected with at the initial and advanced stages of plant colonization by the pathogen. To predict the gene products involved in the modification of the PCW polysaccharide skeleton during the infection, the expression profiles of potato and PCW-related genes were analyzed by RNA-Seq along with phylogenetic analysis.

Rearrangement of the Cellulose-Enriched Cell Wall in Flax Phloem Fibers over the Course of the Gravitropic Reaction.

The plant cell wall is a complex structure consisting of a polysaccharide network. The rearrangements of the cell wall during the various physiological reactions of plants, however, are still not fully characterized. Profound changes in cell wall organization are detected by microscopy in the phloem fibers of flax () during the restoration of the vertical position of the inclined stems.

The Living Fossil Has Cortical Fibers With Mannan-Based Cell Wall Matrix.

Cell wall thickening and development of secondary cell walls was a major step in plant terrestrialization that provided the mechanical support, effective functioning of water-conducting elements and fortification of the surface tissues. Despite its importance, the diversity, emergence and evolution of secondary cell walls in early land plants have been characterized quite poorly. Secondary cell walls can be present in different cell types with fibers being among the major ones.

Stimulation of adventitious root formation by the oligosaccharin OSRG at the transcriptome level.

Oligosaccharins, which are biologically active oligosaccharide fragments of cell wall polysaccharides, may regulate the processes of growth and development as well as the response to stress factors. We characterized the effect of the oligosaccharin that stimulates rhizogenesis (OSRG) on the gene expression profile in the course of IAA-induced formation of adventitious roots in hypocotyl explants of buckwheat ( Moench.).

AFM analysis reveals polymorphism of purified flax rhamnogalacturonans I of distinct functional types.

Functionally distinct polymers organized on the basis of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) backbone with more than a half of rhamnose residues substituted by the side chains containing mostly galactose were purified from flaxseed mucilage, the primary cell wall of young hypocotyls and tertiary cell walls of bast fibers and characterized by atomic force microscopy. Seed mucilage RG-I with short side chains and unusual O3 substitution showed loose coils or star-like conformations. Primary cell wall RG-I, which included polygalacturonan (PGA) fragments, represented micellar objects and rare long chains.

Spatial structures of rhamnogalacturonan I in gel and colloidal solution identified by 1D and 2D-FTIR spectroscopy.

Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I), a polysaccharide found in different types of plant cell walls, fulfills specific functions, the structural basis of which remains unclear. Generalized 2D correlation FTIR spectroscopy with dehydration was employed to reveal the structure and interactions in flax RG-I solution and microwave treated gel. Varying water content allowed emphasizing a role of solvent in maintaining different structures.

Plant 'muscles': fibers with a tertiary cell wall.

Plants, although sessile organisms, are nonetheless able to move their body parts; for example, during root contraction of geophytes or in the gravitropic reaction by woody stems. One of the major mechanisms enabling these movements is the development of specialized structures that possess contractile properties. Quite unlike animal muscles, for which the action is driven by protein-protein interactions in the protoplasma, the action of plant 'muscles' is polysaccharide-based and located in the uniquely designed, highly cellulosic cell wall that is deposited specifically in fibers.

Pectobacterium atrosepticum exopolysaccharides: identification, molecular structure, formation under stress and in planta conditions.

In the present study, we identified exopolysaccharides of the harmful phytopathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 and characterized the molecular structure of these polymers. The synthesis of the target polysaccharides was shown to be induced under starvation conditions. Moreover, intensive accumulation of exopolysaccharides occurred during the colonization by bacteria of the xylem vessels of infected plants, where microorganisms formed specific 3D "multicellular" structures-bacterial emboli.

Gelation of rhamnogalacturonan I is based on galactan side chain interaction and does not involve chemical modifications.

The article presents the structural principles of microwave-induced formation of new gel type from pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). The backbone of gel-forming RG-I does not contain consecutive galacturonic residues and modifying groups that can be the cause of junction zone formation as it occurs in course of classical ways of pectin gelation. Microwave irradiation does not cause destruction and chemical modifications of RG-I.

Metrics of rhamnogalacturonan I with β-(1→4)-linked galactan side chains and structural basis for its self-aggregation.

Within the family of plant cell wall polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonans I are the most diverse and structurally complex members. In present study we characterize the 3-dimensional structures and dynamic features of the constituents of RG-I along MD trajectories. It is demonstrated that extended threefold helical structure of the rhamnogalacturonan linear backbone is the most energetically favorable motif.

Pathogen-induced conditioning of the primary xylem vessels - a prerequisite for the formation of bacterial emboli by Pectobacterium atrosepticum.

Representatives of Pectobacterium genus are some of the most harmful phytopathogens in the world. In the present study, we have elucidated novel aspects of plant-Pectobacterium atrosepticum interactions. This bacterium was recently demonstrated to form specific 'multicellular' structures - bacterial emboli in the xylem vessels of infected plants.

Tissue-specific rhamnogalacturonan I forms the gel with hyperelastic properties.

Rhamnogalacturonans I are complex pectin polysaccharides extremely variable in structure and properties and widely represented in various sources. The complexity and diversity of the structure of rhamnogalacturonans I are the reasons for the limited information about the properties and supramolecular organization of these polysaccharides, including the relationship between these parameters and the functions of rhamnogalacturonans I in plant cells. In the present work, on the example of rhamnogalacturonan I from flax gelatinous fibers, the ability of this type of pectic polysaccharides to form at physiological concentrations hydrogels with hyperelastic properties was revealed for the first time.

Aspen Tension Wood Fibers Contain β-(1---> 4)-Galactans and Acidic Arabinogalactans Retained by Cellulose Microfibrils in Gelatinous Walls.

Contractile cell walls are found in various plant organs and tissues such as tendrils, contractile roots, and tension wood. The tension-generating mechanism is not known but is thought to involve special cell wall architecture. We previously postulated that tension could result from the entrapment of certain matrix polymers within cellulose microfibrils.

Physicochemical properties of complex rhamnogalacturonan I from gelatinous cell walls of flax fibers.

The physicochemical properties of flax fiber cell wall rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and its fragments, obtained after galactanase treatment (fraction G1), were characterized. RG-I retains its hydrodynamic volume after its molecular weight decreases by approximately half, as revealed by SEC. Two techniques, DLS and NMR, with different principles of diffusion experiment were used to establish the reasons for this property of RG-I.

Spatial structure of plant cell wall polysaccharides and its functional significance.

Plant polysaccharides comprise the major portion of organic matter in the biosphere. The cell wall built on the basis of polysaccharides is the key feature of a plant organism largely determining its biology. All together, around 10 types of polysaccharide backbones, which can be decorated by different substituents giving rise to endless diversity of carbohydrate structures, are present in cell walls of higher plants.