Gender differences in the incomes of self-employed French physicians: The role of family structure.

In most developed countries, the average income of female physicians remains much lower than that of their male counterparts. This paper analyses how much of the gender earnings gap among French self-employed physicians can be attributed to women's family responsibilities, choice of medical specialty, and opportunity to charge extra billings. The question is of growing concern for regulators because it may influence patients' future access to care.

Design of a national and regional survey among French general practitioners and method of the first wave of survey dedicated to vaccination.

Objectives: France is currently facing a vaccine-hesitancy crisis. We conducted a questionnaire-based telephone interview with a large sample of general practitioners (GPs) as they play a crucial role in the vaccination process. Our main objectives were to study the GPs' vaccination behaviors when it comes to their own vaccination and that of their relatives, and the vaccine recommendations made to their patients.

As well as physiological states, pathological states and therapeutical problems may be a gushing spring for biological theory--and conversely.

New class of therapies, including bipolar therapies (BPT) and "paradoxical" unipolar therapies (PUT) were firstly proposed in relation to a clinical insight and to some results of biological investigations, then they gave rise to mathematical modeling which brought a justification of these therapies, at least from a theoretical point of view. After recalling the mathematical model for the regulation of agonistic antagonistic couples, and reporting the fundamental types of control simulation by means of it, we point out the validity of therapeutical applications inferred from this model. These therapy modalities, including BPT and PUT, now concern the following diseases: astrocytomas, epilepsia and trials on multiple sclerosis.

Cyclic alternating pattern as a provocative factor in nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia.

Purpose: We made a polygraphic study of 6 patients with nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia (NPD) in which the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) parameters were compared with those of a group of age- and sex-matched controls.

Methods: All patients met the requirements for NPD diagnosis, characterized by generalized stereotyped movements (dystonic-dyskinetic), with a 1-min centered duration but with no clear evidence of epileptic abnormalities in the waking EEG and during nocturnal recordings.

Results: Besides the major events, the NPD polysomnograms also showed shorter, repeated episodes of shorter duration (generally <20 s) consisting of abrupt movements involving one or more body segments.

[Intraforaminal lumbosacral neurinoma].

Twelve cases of intra-foraminal localization of lumbosacral neurinoma are reported including 9 schwannomas, 2 neurifibromas and 1 melanotic schannoma. According to their extension, they are classified in type II strictly intra-foraminal and extra-arachnoïdal: N = 6, type I-II, extending into the subarachnoïdal space; N = 5, type II-III, extending out of the spine. There were 7 men and 5 women with mean age of 49.

[The timing of crisis and day-night distribution of paroxysmal EEG activities: a study on 197 epileptic patients].

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether paroxysmal EEG activity (PA) occurs randomly over time and whether seizures arise at time of maximum PA. 204 ambulatory recordings (A/EEG) in 197 adult epileptic outpatients have been were included. The patients' seizures were grouped according to ILAE classification: Simple partial seizures; complex partial seizures (CPS), isolated or secondarily generalized; idiopathic generalized seizures: epilepsy with myoclonic absences, generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) on awakening, GTCS with photo-sensitivity; undetermined epilepsies: "grand mal morpheique", epilepsies with generalized PA without photosensitivity or with All recordings were performed with a 8-channel 24 h cassette recorder system (Medilog 9,000).

[The transcranial Doppler in the adult. Preliminary results in 31 patients].

Non-invasive transcranial Doppler US investigation in adult patients was first described by Aaslid et al. (1982). The apparatus consists in a 2 MHz bidirectional pulsed Doppler with spectrum analyser.

[Value of cassette-recorded long-term 8-channel EEG monitoring in status epilepticus--technical note].

Prolonged EEG-taped recording is a significant recent improvement in technique, with the 8 channels providing the possibility of exploration of the whole scalp. First used for ambulatory monitoring, it was also tested in comatose patients with status epilepticus. The advantages are: the the good quality of the EEGs even after recording continuously for many days, and without drawback for intensive nursing; the help in recognizing infraclinical seizures, often misunderstood by the nursing staff, and the control of treatment; the participation in prospective chronobiological studies.

[Value of cassette-recorded long-term 8-channel EEG monitoring--ambulatory recording in known epileptics].

The authors insist on the real improvement of ambulatory EEG recording due to the new 8-channel cassette recorder (Medilog 9000*). They emphasized: (1) its maniability with full independence of patients and physiological sleep recordings at home; (2) its viability, the same as conventional EEG with 8-channel montages; (3) its performant video-screen replay system, with easy paper transcription. The results in 50 ambulatory epileptic patients out of the 100 examinations actually realized in the EEG laboratory with this new device are detailed.

[Echotomography of the carotid bifurcation (author's transl)].

Echotomography examinations of carotid bifurcation were conducted in 19 patients, with a real-time apparatus (71 crystals, 7 MHz). Serial transversal sections plus two or more longitudinal sections enabled identification by Echo-B of the three carotid arteries, and thus the bifurcation, in 37 instances. Arteriography was performed in 11 patients (21 carotid arteries).

[Oculomotor lesions and myeloma: a case with a CT scan study (author's transl)].

A 62 year-old woman presented with a unilateral, incomplete ophthalmoplegia, and pain in the territory of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. She had an IgG gamma 2-lambda 2 type myeloma. Opacification by phlebography of the cavernous sinus on the affected side was not possible, neither through the ophthalmic vein nor through the anastomotic coronal veins.

[Computed tomography in multiple sclerosis].

Sixty patients with multiple sclerosis were examined by computed tomography using an Acute 200 Pfizer apparatus (matrix: 256 X 256; sections: 8 mm thick). In 48 cases iodine contrast medium was injected prior to examination, and in 6 cases the examination was repeated after several months. Abnormal C.

[Value of metrizamide myelography with tomodensitometry for study of the cervical spine].

52 metrizamide myelographies practiced with tomodensitometry were studies (23 normal cases); 6 cervicarthrosic myelopathies; 2 intra medullar tumors; 1 extra medullar tumor; 19 syringomyelias). The technical procedures are discussed for the different diseases. This test has proven highly interesting for the study of syringomyelias and tumors.

[Study of 5 cases of ocular myopathy].

The authors reported five cases of eyelid ptosis with progesssive external ophthalmoplegia. They emphasize infra-clinic diffusion, fatigability and variability impairment of extra-ocular muscles; coexistence of myogenic E.M.