Impact of regulatory tightening of the Hungarian tobacco retail market on availability, access and cigarette smoking prevalence of adolescents.

Introduction: Policies that reduce tobacco retail density to decrease tobacco use among the youth are critical for the tobacco endgame. This paper reviews a Hungarian tobacco regulatory measure, which, since 2013, has confined the sale of tobacco products exclusively to so-called National Tobacco Shops, summarises the changes in the national tobacco retail marketplace and reports on analyses of the impact of this intervention on illegal sales to minors and adolescent smoking behaviour.

Methods: We reviewed the available national statistical data on the structure and dynamics of the tobacco retail market.

Underlying reasons for post-mortem diagnosed lung cancer cases - A robust retrospective comparative study from Hungary (HULC study).

Objective: The Hungarian Undiagnosed Lung Cancer (HULC) study aimed to explore the potential reasons for missed LC (lung cancer) diagnosis by comparing healthcare and socio-economic data among patients with post-mortem diagnosed LC with those who were diagnosed with LC during their lives.

Methods: This nationwide, retrospective study used the databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO) and National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) to identify patients who died between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 and were diagnosed with lung cancer post-mortem (population A) or during their lifetime (population B). Patient characteristics, socio-economic factors, and healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) data were compared between the diagnosed and undiagnosed patient population.

Countrywide population movement monitoring using mobile devices generated (big) data during the COVID-19 crisis.

Mobile phones have been used to monitor mobility changes during the COVID-19 pandemic but surprisingly few studies addressed in detail the implementation of practical applications involving whole populations. We report a method of generating a "mobility-index" and a "stay-at-home/resting-index" based on aggregated anonymous Call Detail Records of almost all subscribers in Hungary, which tracks all phones, examining their strengths and weaknesses, comparing it with Community Mobility Reports from Google, limited to smartphone data. The impact of policy changes, such as school closures, could be identified with sufficient granularity to capture a rush to shops prior to imposition of restrictions.

[Overview of human resources for health composition in the most mobile specialty groups in Hungary].

The Human Resources for Health (HRH) mobility and migration are considered as global phenomena. The European Union often faces the mobility of health professionals on a system level. Hungary is recognised among the sending countries, therefore both international and national level health workforce monitoring, planning, and forecasting are inevitable.

[Multiple sclerosis in central Hungary: experiences and future possibilities of developing a local database].

Introduction: Data during routine patient care are created in multiple digital and paper-based hardcopy systems, therefore their retrieval is cumbersome in the follow-up of patients. Multiple sclerosis is the most prevalent neurological disorder in the young age, with major consequences on health and socio-economic status.

Aim: We set forth to create a user-friendly, detailed local database where it is easy to access, register and analyze data.

[Databases in neurological diseases: overview of international examples in multiple sclerosis].

Vast amounts of data are created during routine patient care which are stored in unstructured digital and hardcopy formats in healthcare institutions. Analysis of large databases help to define the healthcare needs of the population and to organize healthcare services for specific diseases. As a model, we selected multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease with well-defined diagnostic criteria, a usually inpatient initial diagnosis, and a need for regular outpatient check-up.

The role of controllable lifestyle in the choice of specialisation among Hungarian medical doctors.

Background: Hungary has been serious facing human resources crisis in health care, as a result of a massive emigration of health workers. The resulting shortage is unevenly distributed among medical specialisations. The findings of research studies are consistent in that the most important motivating factor of the choice of the medical career and of medical specialisations is professional interest.

Managing intra-EU mobility-do WHO principles of ethical recruitment have relevance?

Background: The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel provides for guidance in health workforce management and cooperation in the international context. This article aims to examine whether the principles of the voluntary WHO Global Code of Practice can be applied to trigger health policy decisions within the EU zone of free movement of persons.

Methods: In the framework of the Joint Action on European Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting project (Grant Agreement: JA EUHWF 20122201 (see healthworkforce.

Headcount and FTE data in the European health workforce monitoring and planning process.

Background: Health workforce (HWF) planning and monitoring processes face challenges regarding data and appropriate indicators. One such area fraught with difficulties is labour activity and, more specifically, defining headcount and full-time equivalent (FTE). This study aims to review national practices in FTE calculation formulas for selected EU Member States (MS).

Analysis of a survey on young doctors' willingness to work in rural Hungary.

Background: The severe shortage of qualified healthcare staff in Hungary cannot be quickly or easily overcome. There is not only a lack of human resources for health, but significant inequalities are widespread, including in geographical distribution. This disparity results in severe problems regarding access to and performance of health care services.

Informal payments for health care: definitions, distinctions, and dilemmas.

There is increasing interest in the issue of informal payments for health care in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging evidence suggests that the phenomenon is both diverse, including many variants from cash payments to in-kind contributions and from gift giving to informal charging, and widespread, reported from countries in at least three continents. However, cross-national research is hampered by the lack of consensus among researchers on the definition of informal payments, and the definitions that have been proposed are unable to incorporate all forms of the phenomenon that have been described so far.

Managing healthcare reform in Hungary: challenges and opportunities.

The reform of healthcare services is a priority in transitional Hungary, but managing these changes is fraught with difficulties due to the political climate and managerial inexperience