Correction: Pre- and postdiagnosis growth failure, adult short stature, and untreated growth hormone deficiency in radiotherapy-treated long-term survivors of childhood brain tumor.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Pre- and postdiagnosis growth failure, adult short stature, and untreated growth hormone deficiency in radiotherapy-treated long-term survivors of childhood brain tumor.

Purpose: Growth failure is common in radiotherapy-treated long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumors, but studies on longitudinal growth in this patient group are lacking. Here, the aim was to assess the changes in growth patterns before and after brain tumor diagnosis, the adult height, and the risk factors for compromised growth. The incidence and treatment practices of growth hormone deficiency were analyzed.

Neurocognitive impairment, employment, and social status in radiotherapy-treated adult survivors of childhood brain tumors.

Background: Little is known of the cognitive functions, employment, and social status in adult survivors of childhood brain tumor (BT). We aimed to determine the long-term neurocognitive profile of radiotherapy-treated adult survivors of childhood BT and the relationship between cognitive functions and employment and social status.

Methods: Neurocognitive profiles of survivors were assessed in a Finnish national cohort of 71 radiotherapy-treated survivors of childhood BT (median follow-up time: 21 years [range: 5-33 years]) using a cross-sectional design.

Motor Performance in Children Diagnosed with Cancer: A Longitudinal Observational Study.

Children with cancer are dealing with different side and long-term effects caused by cancer and its treatments, like vinca-alkaloids, which may have negative effects on motor performance. However, the affected areas of motor performance (aiming and catching, balance, manual dexterity) and the differences in these areas between boys and girls and diagnoses are not frequently reported in a longitudinal design. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how motor performance changes over the course of cancer treatment.

Radiation-induced accelerated aging of the brain vasculature in young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors.

Background: Cranial radiotherapy may damage the cerebral vasculature. The aim of this study was to understand the prevalence and risk factors of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in childhood brain tumors (CBT) survivors treated with radiotherapy.

Methods: Seventy CBT survivors who received radiotherapy were enrolled in a cross-sectional study at a median 20 years after radiotherapy cessation.

The effect of an active video game intervention on physical activity, motor performance, and fatigue in children with cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of active video games in promoting physical activity and motor performance, and reducing fatigue in children with cancer. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. The intervention included playing Nintendo Wii™Fit (Nintendo Co.

The spectrum of acute central nervous system symptoms during the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Background: Children with central nervous system (CNS) toxicity during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) are at risk for treatment modifications, long-term sequelae and even higher mortality. A better understanding of CNS symptoms and their complications improves the potential to prevent and treat them.

Methods: Patient files from 649 children treated with Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology ALL92 and ALL2000 protocols in Finland were reviewed retrospectively for any acute CNS symptom.

Radiation-Induced Meningiomas After Childhood Brain Tumor: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Study.

Childhood brain tumors (CBTs) and their treatment increase the risk of secondary neoplasms (SNs). We studied the incidence of secondary craniospinal tumors with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening in a national cohort of survivors of CBT treated with radiotherapy, and we analyzed the Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) data on SNs in survivors of CBT with radiotherapy registered as a part of the primary tumor treatment. A total of 73 survivors of CBT participated in the MRI study (mean follow-up of 19 ± 6.

Late vertebral side effects in long-term survivors of irradiated childhood brain tumor.

Purpose: Long-term side effects of the treatments are common in survivors of irradiated pediatric brain tumors. Ionizing radiation in combination with surgery and chemotherapy during childhood may reduce vertebral height and bone mineral density (BMD), and cause growth failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the late consequences of tumor treatments on vertebrae in survivors of childhood brain tumors.

Bone mineral density is compromised in very long-term survivors of irradiated childhood brain tumor.

Introduction: The increase in the number of childhood brain tumor survivors warrants detailed research to increase our knowledge regarding the possible physical and psychosocial adverse outcomes of tumor and tumor therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current bone health by measuring the bone mineral density (BMD) in irradiated, adult long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors.

Material And Methods: We studied a national cohort of 74 adult survivors of childhood brain tumors treated with irradiation in Finland between 1970 and 2008.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome: Risk Factors and Impact on the Outcome in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated With Nordic Protocols.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been increasingly recognized as a clinicoradiological entity. Our aim was to describe the incidence of PRES in pediatric patients with ALL, identify its risk factors, and examine its prognostic importance. For this research, we conducted a systematic, retrospective review of the patient records in a population-based series of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n=643) treated in Finland from 1992 to 2008.

Home-Based Exercise Training Improves Left Ventricle Diastolic Function in Survivors of Childhood ALL: A Tissue Doppler and Velocity Vector Imaging Study.

Background: Advanced echocardiographic methods may reveal signs of late anthracycline cardiac toxicity (ACT) even in asymptomatic patients. We studied echocardiographic tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and velocity vector imaging (VVI) in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) before and after an exercise intervention.

Methods: Twenty-one asymptomatic, anthracycline-treated, long-term childhood ALL survivors with matched controls were studied at baseline.

Immunological Reconstitution in Children After Completing Conventional Chemotherapy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is Marked by Impaired B-cell Compartment.

Humoral and cellular immunity were studied in 28 children completing conventional treatment of standard-risk (SR) or intermediate-risk (IR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Both naïve and memory B cells were most severely affected and showed slow recovery during the 2-year follow-up, while the T-cell compartment showed only minor changes. Immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses, components, and antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases were not significantly affected.

Use of endocrinological and neurological medication among 5-year survivors of young onset brain tumors.

The burden of late-effects for young onset brain tumor (BT) survivors needs more careful evaluation. Our aim was to assess the need for endocrinological and neurological medication among this specific group. We identified 5-year survivors diagnosed at the age of 0-24 years between 1988 and 2004 from the Finnish Cancer Registry (N = 602).

Quality of life and late-effects among childhood brain tumor survivors: a mixed method analysis.

Background: Reports on the quality of life (QOL) of childhood brain tumor (BT) survivors have been inconsistent. As cognitive limitations may restrict their participation in questionnaire-based studies, our aim was to evaluate in depth the QOL with a mixed-method analysis.

Methods: The 5-year survivors of childhood BTs born in 1975-2000 and alive in 2010 were identified via the Finnish Cancer Registry and treating clinics.

Late new morbidity in survivors of adolescent and young-adulthood brain tumors in Finland: a registry-based study.

Background: Brain tumors (BTs) in adolescence and young adulthood (AYA) differ from those in childhood or late adulthood. However, research concerning late effects in this particular survivor group is limited. This study evaluates late morbidity of survivors diagnosed in AYAs.

[Childhood and adolescent cancer was cured--how to support health in adulthood?].

The number of long-term survivors after cancer therapy in childhood and young adulthood is increasing. Accordingly, life-long follow-up of significant health problems related to the given cancer therapy is needed as only one third of the survivors will remain free of any physical or psychosocial late effects. At present, national activity is needed to establish a uniform follow-up clinic service to support education, diagnostics, therapy and rehabilitation of these long-term adverse effects after cancer therapy at young age.

Late morbidity in long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors: a nationwide registry-based study in Finland.

Background: The population of long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors (BTs) is growing. The aim of our study was to evaluate late-appearing morbidity in BT survivors.

Methods: Patients diagnosed with a BT at the age of 0-15 years between 1970 and 2004, and surviving at least 5 years, were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry (n = 740).

Late mortality among 5-year survivors of early onset cancer: a population-based register study.

To date, only few studies have been published documenting late mortality among early onset cancer survivors, especially regarding young adulthood (YA) malignancies. Our nation-wide population-based registry study provides information concerning cause-specific long-term mortality among 16,769 5-year survivors of early onset cancer (aged 0-34 years at diagnosis), with follow-up for death extending from 1971 through 2012. A sibling cohort and population data were used as reference.

Active video games to promote physical activity in children with cancer: a randomized clinical trial with follow-up.

Background: Low levels of physical activity, musculoskeletal morbidity and weight gain are commonly reported problems in children with cancer. Intensive medical treatment and a decline in physical activity may also result in reduced motor performance. Therefore, simple and inexpensive ways to promote physical activity and exercise are becoming an increasingly important part of children's cancer treatment.

Radiation therapy and concurrent topotecan followed by maintenance triple anti-angiogenic therapy with thalidomide, etoposide, and celecoxib for pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Background: Despite major treatment attempts, the prognosis for pediatric diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) remains dismal. Gliomas are highly vascularized tumors, suggesting that the prevention of vessel formation by anti-angiogenic treatment might be effective.

Procedure: Forty-one pediatric patients with DIPG were treated according to the Angiocomb protocol, starting with radiotherapy combined with topotecan and followed by anti-angiogenic triple medication consisting of thalidomide, etoposide, and celecoxib.

Endothelial function in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effects of a home-based exercise program.

Background: The risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Chemotherapy may have direct toxic effects on vascular endothelium, potentially increasing the significance of endothelial dysfunction in the development of CVD in ALL survivors. Endothelial structure and function can be measured with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and brachial flow mediated dilation (FMD).

[Childhood brain tumors].

Brain tumors are the second most common pediatric neoplastic disease after leukemias. As causes of mortality and morbidity they add up to the most significant group of tumors. Treatment is based on thorough surgical excision of the tumor.

[Outcome of childhood cancer in Tampere, Finland].

Background: We investigated the outcome of childhood cancer within the Tampere University Hospital area, Finland.

Patients And Methods: We collected the data from 291 patients, who were 0 to 16 years of age at the time of cancer diagnosis in 1997 to 2006. The largest diagnosis groups were leukemias, malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and lymphomas.

Recurrent congenital fibrosarcoma with heart metastases.

Congenital fibrosarcomas are malignant tumors that arise in soft tissues. In infants this unique tumor does not commonly metastasize, even though there may be local recurrences. We report here a boy who had congenital fibrosarcoma in his right foot, which was completely excised at the age of 3 days.