[Gynaecomastia].

Gynaecomastia (GM) is a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the male breast and results from an imbalance between androgen and oestrogen. Pubertal GM is found in 50% and often resolves spontaneously without treatment. GM in adult men can be the first symptom of an underlying disease, and thorough investigation is recommended.

The genotype (rs10407022 T>G) is associated with circulating AMH levels in boys, but not in girls.

Objective: Fetal anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is responsible for normal male sexual differentiation, and circulating AMH is used as a marker of testicular tissue in newborns with disorders of sex development. Little is known about the mechanism of action in postnatal life. A recent genome wide association study (GWAS) reported genetic variation of AMH affecting AMH levels in young men.

Anthropometry, DXA, and leptin reflect subcutaneous but not visceral abdominal adipose tissue on MRI in 197 healthy adolescents.

BackgroundAbdominal fat distribution is associated with the development of cardio-metabolic disease independently of body mass index (BMI). We assessed anthropometry, serum adipokines, and DXA as markers of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study that included 197 healthy adolescents (114 boys) aged 10-15 years nested within a longitudinal population-based cohort.

Gynaecomastia in 786 adult men: clinical and biochemical findings.

Objective: Gynaecomastia is a benign proliferation of glandular tissue of the breast; however, it is an important clinical observation because it can be the first symptom of an underlying disease. Some controversy exists concerning the clinical importance of an in-depth investigation of men who develop gynaecomastia. We hypothesise that a thorough work-up is required in adult men with gynaecomastia.

Pubertal Progression and Reproductive Hormones in Healthy Girls With Transient Thelarche.

Context: Detailed evaluation of pubertal progression in girls from longitudinal studies is sparse, and the phenomenon of transient thelarche (TT), defined as the appearance, regression, and subsequent reappearance of breast buds, in healthy girls remains undescribed.

Objective: To describe TT in terms of pubertal progression, growth, genotypes, and reproductive hormones and to apply new puberty nomograms for breast stages, pubic hair, and menarche.

Design: A prospective, longitudinal population-based study.

Glandular breast tissue volume by magnetic resonance imaging in 100 healthy peripubertal girls: evaluation of clinical Tanner staging.

Background: Appearance of glandular breast tissue may be difficult to distinguish from fat tissue by palpation, especially in obese girls. To our knowledge, validation of the clinical assessment of pubertal breast stages by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has never been performed. Our objective was to report normative data of glandular breast tissue volume and validate the clinical evaluation of pubertal breast staging by MRI of breast tissue and to evaluate circulating reproductive hormone levels and estrogen-dependent transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) parameters as markers of glandular breast tissue.

Pubertal Onset in Boys and Girls Is Influenced by Pubertal Timing of Both Parents.

Context: Epidemiological evidence on maternal and paternal heritability of the wide normal variation within pubertal timing is sparse.

Objective: We aimed to estimate the impact of parental pubertal timing on the onset of puberty in boys and girls.

Design: Annual pubertal examinations of healthy children in a longitudinal cohort study.

Longitudinal changes in serum concentrations of adrenal androgen metabolites and their ratios by LC-MS/MS in healthy boys and girls.

Adrenarche is characterized by steadily rising levels of adrenal androgen metabolites from 4–6 years of age. We recently described marked gender-specific differences in circulating ratios between selected adrenal androgen metabolites in a cross-sectional study. This may suggest gender differences in steroidogenic enzyme activities.

A Longitudinal Study of Growth, Sex Steroids, and IGF-1 in Boys With Physiological Gynecomastia.

Context: Physiological gynecomastia is common and affects a large proportion of otherwise healthy adolescent boys. It is thought to be caused by an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone, although this is rarely evident in analyses of serum.

Objective: This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup.

Uterine volume and endometrial thickness in healthy girls evaluated by ultrasound (3-dimensional) and magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective: To report normative data on uterine volume and endometrial thickness in girls, according to pubertal stages; to evaluate factors that affect uterine volume; and to compare transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Design: Cross-sectional study of a nested cohort of girls participating in The Copenhagen Mother-Child Cohort.

Setting: General community.

Circulating MKRN3 levels decline prior to pubertal onset and through puberty: a longitudinal study of healthy girls.

Context: Puberty is initiated by a complex interaction of suppressing and stimulating factors. Genetic studies of familial central precocious puberty have suggested makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) as a major inhibitor of GnRH secretion during childhood. Furthermore, genetic variation near MKRN3 (rs12148769) affects age at menarche in healthy girls.

Evaluation of 451 Danish boys with delayed puberty: diagnostic use of a new puberty nomogram and effects of oral testosterone therapy.

Context: Few data exist on the diagnostic criteria, and on the effects of puberty induction, in boys with constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP).

Objective: To develop puberty nomograms based on Danish boys with normal pubertal development. To evaluate the different diagnostic criteria and the effect of oral testosterone undecanoate (TU) in boys with CDGP.

Validity of self-assessment of pubertal maturation.

Background And Objectives: Studies of adolescents often use self-assessment of pubertal maturation, the reliability of which has shown conflicting results. We aimed to examine the reliability of child and parent assessments of healthy boys and girls.

Methods: A total of 898 children (418 girls, 480 boys, age 7.

Longitudinal assessment of circulating insulin-like peptide 3 levels in healthy peripubertal girls.

Objective: To elucidate the natural course of circulating insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) levels according to puberty as well as its relation to other reproductive hormones.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Setting: Not applicable.

Circulating AMH reflects ovarian morphology by magnetic resonance imaging and 3D ultrasound in 121 healthy girls.

Context: In adult women, Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is produced by small growing follicles, and circulating levels of AMH reflect the number of antral follicles as well as primordial follicles. Whether AMH reflects follicle numbers in healthy girls remains to be elucidated.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether serum levels of AMH reflects ovarian morphology in healthy girls.

Pubertal onset in girls is strongly influenced by genetic variation affecting FSH action.

Age at pubertal onset varies substantially in healthy girls. Although genetic factors are responsible for more than half of the phenotypic variation, only a small part has been attributed to specific genetic polymorphisms identified so far. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estradiol synthesis which is responsible for breast development.

Longitudinal changes in circulating testosterone levels determined by LC-MS/MS and by a commercially available radioimmunoassay in healthy girls and boys during the pubertal transition.

Background: Accurate and selective assessment of testosterone requires use of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method, especially at low levels as those seen in young children.

Methods: The present longitudinal study of 20 healthy children from the Copenhagen Puberty Study followed every 6 months for 5 years evaluates the longitudinal increase in serum testosterone before, during and after pubertal onset quantified by a newly developed LC-MS/MS method in comparison with immunoassay. Testosterone concentrations in serum samples (n = 177) were determined by LC-MS/MS (detection limit 0.

Elevated serum levels of free triiodothyronine in adolescent boys with gynaecomastia compared with controls.

Objective: Pubertal gynaecomastia is a frequent phenomenon occurring in 20-40% of otherwise healthy adolescent boys. Little is known about the aetiology of pubertal gynaecomastia. Markedly elevated thyroid hormone levels in adults with hyperthyroidism are associated with gynaecomastia.

Serum levels of insulin-like factor 3, anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin B, and testosterone during pubertal transition in healthy boys: a longitudinal pilot study.

Insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) is a promising marker of Leydig cell function with potentially high clinical relevance. Limited data of INSL3 levels in relation to other reproductive hormones in healthy pubertal boys exist. In this study, we aimed to evaluate longitudinal serum changes in INSL3 compared with LH, FSH, testosterone, inhibin B, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) during puberty in healthy boys.

Determination of adrenal volume by MRI in healthy children: associations with age, body size, pubertal stage and serum levels of adrenal androgens.

Background: Adrenal disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia result in abnormal adrenal size and morphology, but little is known about the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining adrenal volume.

Objective: To evaluate the potential usefulness of MR methodology, to estimate adrenal size in healthy children and to evaluate determinants of adrenal volume such as age, gender, body size, pubic hair stage and serum levels of adrenal androgens.

Design: Two hundred and thirty-five healthy children (116 girls and 119 boys) (age range 10.

The 2014 Danish references from birth to 20 years for height, weight and body mass index.

Aim: To construct new Danish growth charts for 0- to 20-year-olds and to compare them with Danish references from 1982 and with World Health Organization (WHO) standards for children aged 0-5 years from 2006, by applying similar inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Methods: Anthropometric data from three contemporary Danish population-based studies were combined. References for height were based on healthy Caucasian children born at term.

Elevated serum IGF-I, but unaltered sex steroid levels, in healthy boys with pubertal gynaecomastia.

Objective: Pubertal gynaecomastia is a very common condition. Although the underlying aetiology is poorly understood, it is generally accepted that excess of oestrogens and deficit of androgens are involved in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, adiposity as well as the GH/IGF-I axis may play a role.

FSHB-211 and FSHR 2039 are associated with serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and antimüllerian hormone in healthy girls: a longitudinal cohort study.

Objective: To investigate whether genetic polymorphisms in the FSH pathway (FSHB-211 G→T and FSHR 2039 A→G) affect serum levels of FSH, antimüllerian hormone (AMH), and age at pubertal onset. FSH secretion and FSH signal transduction are enhanced in carriers of FSHB GG and FSHR AA, respectively. Furthermore, the combined genotype FSHB GG+FSHR AA is the most favorable for male gonadal function, but the effect of this genotype has never been evaluated in peripubertal females.

Androgen receptor CAG repeat length is associated with body fat and serum SHBG in boys: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Longer androgen receptor gene CAG trinucleotide repeats, AR (CAG)n, have been associated with reduced sensitivity of the androgen receptor (AR) in vitro as well as in humans. Furthermore, short AR (CAG)n have been associated with premature adrenarche.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate associations between the AR (CAG)n polymorphism and development of pubic hair, levels of androgens, and body fat content in healthy boys.

Urinary phthalate excretion in 555 healthy Danish boys with and without pubertal gynaecomastia.

Pubertal gynaecomastia is a clinical sign of an oestrogen-androgen imbalance, which occurs in 40-60% of adolescent Caucasian boys. In most cases no underlying endocrinopathy can be identified. A recent study reports higher plasma phthalate levels in Turkish boys with pubertal gynaecomastia.