PECULIARITIES OF THE SECOND MESIOBUCCAL CANAL IN MAXILLARY FIRST MOLAR: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS.

Unlabelled: The first maxillary molar is one of the most difficult teeth for endodontical treatment; it presents the highest failure rates due to the impossibility of locating and treating the second mesiobuccal canal (MB2). The aim of our work was study of second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first molar and compare obtained data with literature sources for increasing the efficiency of treatment.

Materials And Methods: The study involved 59 patients with exacerbation of chronic pulpitis or chronic periodontitis who were distributed according to age: 14-20 years, 21-30 years and 31-40 years.

In Vitro Collection for the Safe Storage of Grapevine Hybrids and Identification of the Presence of Resistance Genes.

This paper focuses on the creation of an in vitro collection of grapevine hybrids from the breeding program of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit Growing and Viticulture and investigates the presence of resistance mediated by and loci. We looked at the optimization of in vitro establishment using either shoots taken directly from field-grown plants or from budwood cuttings forced indoors. We further screened for the presence of endophyte contamination in the initiated explants and optimized the multiplication stage.

Differentiated thyroid carcinomas associated with chronic thyroiditis: biological and clinical properties.

Aim: To determine biological and clinical features of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas associated or not associated with chronic thyroiditis.

Materials And Methods: The study was conducted by retrospective analysis of medical histories of 2,459 patients with thyroid cancer. Tumor size, its category according to the TNM system, multi-focal properties of tumor growth, carcinoma invasiveness, as well as disease stage, rates of relapses and metastasis, and also cumulative survival rates were analyzed.

Identification of spinal electromotoneurons in the ray Raja clavata (Rajidae).

Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase injected ipsilaterally in several parts of the electric organ and light microscopy were employed to study motoneurons and electromotoneurons of the spinal cord in the weakly electric ray Raja clavata (Rajidae). The horseradish peroxidase-labelled electromotoneurons form a chain of cells located ventrolaterally in the gray matter of the spinal cord segments adjacent to the electric organ. The diameters of cells in the electromotor nucleus vary from 70 to 110 microns.