Gene Families With Stochastic Exclusive Gene Choice Underlie Cell Adhesion in Mammalian Cells.

Exclusive stochastic gene choice combines precision with diversity. This regulation enables most T-cells to express exactly one T-cell receptor isoform chosen from a large repertoire, and to react precisely against diverse antigens. Some cells express two receptor isoforms, revealing the stochastic nature of this process.

Pilot scale sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation of recycled wood to sugars, bioethanol, lignin and lignosulfonates: Carbohydrate balance.

Two grades of recycled wood (Waste Wood A and Waste Wood B) were fractionated on a pilot scale (800 BD kg) to monomeric sugars, lignin and lignosulfonates using SO-Ethanol-Water (AVAP®) technology, including pretreatment, separation of cellulosic and hemicellulosic streams, and saccharification. Carbohydrate mass balance was obtained through determination of poly-, oligo- and monosaccharides as well as sugar degradation products in process streams. High monosaccharide yields were obtained confirming laboratory scale findings.

Sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation platform for conversion of recycled wood to sugars, lignin and lignosulfonates.

Recycled wood of two grades (A and B) and spruce were converted on bench (100 o.d. g) and pilot (100 o.

Characterization of pulp derived nanocellulose hydrogels using AVAP® technology.

Bioinspiration from hierarchical structures found in natural environments has heralded a new age of advanced functional materials. Nanocellulose has received significant attention due to the demand for high-performance materials with tailored mechanical, physical and biological properties. In this study, nanocellulose fibrils, nanocrystals and a novel mixture of fibrils and nanocrystals (blend) were prepared from softwood biomass using the AVAP® biorefinery technology.

Lignin and ash balances of sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation of sugarcane straw.

Lignin and ash material balances of SO-ethanol-water (AVAP®) fractionation of sugarcane (SC) straw were thoroughly studied at various conditions. Most of straw lignin and ash dissolve in the liquor and 40-80% of lignin is precipitated after ethanol removal as a pure (∼99%) and sulfur-lean (<2%) fraction. Most of the acid-soluble ash and its elements (Na, K, Fe, Al) as well as large portion of silica are removed from the fiber phase.

Sulfur balance of sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation of sugarcane straw.

The sulfur balance of SO-ethanol-water (AVAP®) fractionation of sugarcane (SC) straw was investigated. Hydrogen sulfite and sulfite anions are nearly absent in the liquors, despite cations present in straw, whose effect is thus limited to neutralization of lignosulfonic acids decreasing the acidity. Higher degree of sulfonation was observed for dissolved straw lignin compared to wood lignin (0.

Kinetics of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) fractionation of sugarcane straw.

Kinetics of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) fractionation was determined for sugarcane (SC) straw in terms of pulp composition (non-carbohydrate components, cellulose, hemicelluloses) and properties (kappa number, pulp intrinsic viscosity in CED and cellulose degree of polymerization). Effect of temperature (135-165°C) and time (18-118min) was studied at fixed liquor composition (SO2/ethanol/water=12:22.5:65.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of hardwood and softwood harvest residue fibers released by sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of hardwood and softwood harvest residues treated by SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation was studied. The target was to convert these fibers with high yield into glucose monomers which could be further converted into biofuel by a subsequent fermentation stage. Hardwood biomass residues were efficiently digested at low enzyme dosage (5 FPU/g cellulose) whereas the softwood residues required notably higher enzyme dosage (20 FPU) for sufficient conversion.

The effect of bark on sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of forest biomass.

The focus of this study was to find out the effect of bark on SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of forest biomass. Softwood bark was found to be more harmful than hardwood bark in both processes. For softwood, the amount of undigested wood in SEW fractionation increased with the increasing bark content, whereas the hardwood bark did not impair the fractionation of wood.

Effects of residual lignin and heteropolysaccharides on the bioconversion of softwood lignocellulose nanofibrils obtained by SO2-ethanol-water fractionation.

The amount of residual lignin and hemicelluloses in softwood fibers was systematically varied by SO2-ethanol-water fractionation for integrated biorefinery with nanomaterial and biofuel production. On the basis of their low energy demand in mechanical processing, the fibers were deconstructed to lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) and used as substrate for bioconversion. The effect of LCNF composition on saccharification via multicomponent enzymes was investigated at different loadings.

Kinetics of SO(2)-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of hardwood and softwood biomass.

SO(2)-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of forest residues (tree tops, stumps, branches) was investigated to demonstrate the potential of this method for forest biorefineries. The effect of fractionation time on dissolution of wood components was studied. Total mass balances of fractionation show that lignin and hemicelluloses are rapidly dissolved in the spent fractionation liquor whereas cellulose is fully preserved in the solid residue throughout the fractionation treatment.

Oil palm empty fruit bunch to biofuels and chemicals via SO2-ethanol-water fractionation and ABE fermentation.

A process has been developed for conversion of spent liquor produced by SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers to biofuels by ABE fermentation. The fermentation process utilizes Clostridia bacteria that produce butanol, ethanol and acetone solvents at a total yield of 0.26 g/g sugars.

Separation of hemicellulose and cellulose from wood pulp by means of ionic liquid/cosolvent systems.

Pulp of high cellulose content, also known as dissolving pulp, is needed for many purposes, including the production of cellulosic fibers and films. Paper-grade pulp, which is rich in hemicellulose, could be a cheap source but must be refined. Hitherto, hemicellulose extraction procedures suffered from a loss of cellulose and the non-recoverability of unaltered hemicelluloses.

Efficient fractionation of spruce by SO(2)-ethanol-water treatment: closed mass balances for carbohydrates and sulfur.

SO(2)-ethanol-water (SEW) lignocellulosic fractionation has the potential to overcome the present techno-economic barriers that hinder the commercial implementation of renewable transportation fuel production. In this study, SEW fractionation of spruce wood chips is examined for its ability to separate the main wood components, hemicelluloses, lignin, and cellulose, and the potential to recover SO(2) and ethanol from the spent fractionation liquid. Therefore, overall sulfur and carbohydrate mass balances are established.