Three-dimensionally printed non-biological simulator for percutaneous nephrolithotomy training.

We sought to improve the educational and pre-operative training on various stages of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) printed simulator (3D-printed PCNL model) for urological trainees. 40 s year urology residents were randomly assigned into two groups, completing PCNL surgical steps on a URO Mentor™ surgical simulator (Group A) or on our new 3D-printed PCNL model (Group B).

Multiple application of three-dimensional soft kidney models with localized kidney cancer: A pilot study.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of three-dimensional printing application in urology for localized renal cancer treatment using three-dimensional printed soft models.

Materials And Methods: The study included five patients with kidney tumors. The patients were treated in the Urology Clinic of I.