Nailing it: Investigation of elephant toenails for retrospective analysis of adrenal and reproductive hormones.

Hormone monitoring of at-risk species can be valuable for evaluation of individual physiological status. Traditional non-invasive endocrine monitoring from urine and faeces typically captures only a short window in time, poorly reflecting long-term hormone fluctuations. We examined toenail trimmings collected from African () and Asian () elephants during routine foot care, to determine if long-term hormone patterns are preserved in these slow-growing keratinized tissues.

Benefits of Outdoor Sports for Society. A Systematic Literature Review and Reflections on Evidence.

The combination of physical activity and being in nature is recognized as providing a range of significant benefits. The objective of this literature review was to compile an overview of the social benefits and costs associated with outdoor sports within the academic literature and to reflect on the quality of underlying evidence that supports the relationship. A systematic review was carried out with seven partners from different European countries, including Bulgaria, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.