Downregulating Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ in the Muscle Stimulated Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Muscle Aging-Related Phenotypes in Adults.

Reactive oxygen species, generated as by-products of mitochondrial electron transport, can induce damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and proteins. Here, we investigated whether the moderate accumulation of mtDNA damage in adult muscles resulted in accelerated aging-related phenotypes in . DNA polymerase γ (Polγ) is the sole mitochondrial DNA polymerase.

An ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight reference for Japanese twin pregnancies.

Purpose: The purpose was to establish an estimated fetal weight (EFW) reference for twin pregnancies in Japan and to compare the growth of twins with singletons.

Methods: We retrospectively investigated Japanese women who delivered live-born twins at our center during the period from 2010 to 2016. The main exclusion criteria were monoamniotic twins, fetal reduction, maternal complications, twin-twin transfusion syndrome, fetal congenital anomalies, and patients with their first visit after 16 weeks' gestation.