Implementation of the EPICS2017 database for photons in Geant4.

This paper describes in detail the implementation of Geant4 Livermore electromagnetic physics models based on the EPICS2017 database for the low energy transport of photons. These models describe four photon processes: gamma conversion, Compton scattering, photoelectric effect and Rayleigh scattering. New parameterizations based on EPICS2017 were performed for scattering functions of Compton effect, subshell cross-sections of the photoelectric effect and form factors of Rayleigh scattering, in order to improve the precision of fitted values compared to tabulated values.

Electron supersurface scattering on polycrystalline Au.

Supersurface electron scattering, i.e., electron energy losses and associated deflections in vacuum above the surface of a medium, is shown to contribute significantly to electron spectra.

The manoeuvrability hypothesis to explain the maintenance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution.

Background: The overwhelming majority of animal species exhibit bilateral symmetry. However, the precise evolutionary importance of bilateral symmetry is unknown, although elements of the understanding of the phenomenon have been present within the scientific community for decades.

Presentation Of The Hypothesis: Here we show, with very simple physical laws, that locomotion in three-dimensional macro-world space is itself sufficient to explain the maintenance of bilateral symmetry in animal evolution.