Parasite-Induced Th2 Polarization-An Unusual Cause of Paediatric Hepatic Abscess.

Liver abscess (LA) is a serious infectious disease, but is relatively rare in the paediatric population, especially in developed countries. Mostly, hepatic abscesses are pyogenic, caused by , while in extremely rare cases can be caused by parasites, such as . Antimicrobial therapy and percutaneous drainage are the treatments of choice, lowering the mortality caused by this infection.

Esophageal Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance and pH Monitoring in the Evaluation of Achalasia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in a Child with Down Syndrome: a Case Report.

We report the case of a rare association between achalasia and Down syndrome in a child presenting with symptoms that suggest a gastroesophageal reflux. Evaluation of the patient with 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH recording and upper endoscopy lead to the diagnosis of achalasia. However, the persistence of the symptoms after the concurrent surgical myomectomy and fundoplication has led to repeat pH-impedance monitoring testing and endoscopy, which identified the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease.