The 4E-BP-eIF4E axis promotes rapamycin-sensitive growth and proliferation in lymphocytes.

Rapamycin has been used as a clinical immunosuppressant for many years; however, the molecular basis for its selective effects on lymphocytes remains unclear. We investigated the role of two canonical effectors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR): ribosomal S6 kinases (S6Ks) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding proteins (4E-BPs). S6Ks are thought to regulate cell growth (increase in cell size), and 4E-BPs are thought to control proliferation (increase in cell number), with mTORC1 signaling serving to integrate these processes.

Quality improvement of integrated child health care management after in-service training for physicians.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the quality of integrated child health care management (ICHCM) promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) after an in-service training course.

Methods: The training was carried out in a rural and an urban health unit and in the paediatric ward of the local reference hospital. Tutorial courses were given to small groups (4-6 students) over a 5-day period (40 h in total).