Evolving therapeutic strategies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

While sorafenib dominated the therapeutic arena in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for almost a decade, newer agents and combinations have been changing the therapeutic landscape in the last years. The authors outline the etiopathogenesis and evaluate the diagnostics in HCC, followed by a comprehensive review of the currently approved and experimental treatment approaches, with a focus on various systemic agents and combinations of agents. The manuscript was subdivided into relevant categories, thus making it applicable for both clinical practice and research endeavors.

5-azacitidine reversing "spent" phase polycythemia vera back to proliferative phase and need for phlebotomy.

Introduction: Polycythemia vera is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by increased red blood cell mass. The natural evolution of this MPN is to progress to an anemic/cytopenic phase also known as "spent" phase prior to transformation into an accelerated and/or an overt leukemic phase.

Case Report: Herein, we describe a case of a patient with polycythemia vera transitioning though a "spent" phase to an MPN in accelerated phase (MPN-AP).

Relapsed refractory metastatic squamous cell cancer of anal canal in a patient with retroviral infection responding to cetuximab.

Introduction: Conventional first-line therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal is definitive chemoradiotherapy with a curative intent. Due to the efficacy of treatment for locoregional disease and rarity of metastatic anal carcinoma, clinical trial data for treatment of metastatic disease is lacking.

Case Report: Herein, we describe a patient with relapsed, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal treated with cetuximab as the third-line therapy.