Cognitive reserve and executive functions in dual task gait performance in Parkinson's disease.

A higher level of education was correlated with less severe motor impairment in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Nevertheless, there is limited evidence on the relationship between cognitive reserve and motor performance in complex situations in PD. To investigate the association between cognitive reserve and the dual-task gait effect in PD.

Are Young Female Basketball Players Adequately Prepared for a Force-Velocity Jumping and Sprinting Assessment?

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the interday reliability of mechanical variables obtained from the horizontal and vertical force-velocity (FV) profiles in adolescent female basketball players. If found to be reliable, the associations between FV parameters (theoretical maximal force, velocity, and power), squat jump (SJ) height, 30-m sprint, and change of direction (COD) times were evaluated.

Methods: After familiarization, SJ against incremental loads, 30-m sprint, and 505-COD tests were obtained twice in 36 adolescent female basketball players (age = 15.

Directed connectivity in Parkinson's disease patients during over-ground and treadmill walking.

Treadmill walking is considered a useful therapeutic tool for improving gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The study investigated the role of top-down, frontal-parietal versus bottom-up parietal-frontal networks, during over-ground and treadmill walking in PD and control subjects, using functional connectivity. To this end, EEG was recorded simultaneously, during a ten-minute period of continuous walking either over-ground or on a treadmill, in thirteen PD patients and thirteen age-matched controls.

A Pilot Study of the Effects of Individualized Home Dual Task Training by Mobile Health Technology in People with Dementia.

The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of dual-task training implemented by mobile health technology on performance on motor and dual-task tests in subjects with dementia. Nineteen subjects with a medical diagnosis of dementia were assigned to an experimental group (EG, = 12) or control group (CG, = 7). The EG participated in 24 sessions (3/week) of a homebase dual-task exercises program, in addition to their ongoing cognitive and physiotherapy treatment.

Differences in the effects of a startle stimulus on rate of force development between resistance-trained rock climbers and untrained individuals: Evidence for reticulospinal adaptations?

The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine if chronic rock climbing and climbing-specific resistance training (RT) would modify the reticulospinal tract (RST) efficacy. Sixteen healthy, elite level climbers (CL; n = 16, 5 F; 29.8 ± 6.

Cross education is modulated by set configuration in knee extension exercise.

Objectives: The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of set configuration during five weeks of unilateral knee extension resistance training on untrained knee extensors performance.

Methods: Thirty-five subjects were randomly assigned to traditional training (TTG; n=14), rest-redistribution (RRG; n=10) and control group (CON; n=11). TTG and RRG groups trained the dominant knee extensors twice a week with the 10-repetition maximum (RM) load.

Maximum aerobic speed, maximum oxygen consumption, and running spatiotemporal parameters during an incremental test among middle- and long-distance runners and endurance non-running athletes.

Background: Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar V̇O has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare V̇O, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners ( = 6) and endurance non-runners ( = 6).

A lack of timing-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the performance of a choice reaction time task.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance the retention of a previously practiced motor skill. However, the effects of tDCS on the performance of the choice reaction time task are not fully understood. We examined the effects of anodal tDCS over the left primary motor cortex (M1) on the retention of a 4-choice visual-motor reaction time task (4-ChRT).

Test-Retest Reliability of the Timed Up and Go Test in Subjects with Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Longitudinal Assessments.

Background: Despite the frequent use of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in clinical trials, evaluation of longitudinal test-retest reliability is generally lacking and still inconclusive for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Objective: We aimed to further investigate long-term reliability and sensitivity of the TUG test among this population. Furthermore, we explored alternative assessment strategies of the test aimed at elucidating whether the inclusion or combination of timed trials may have potential implications on outcome measure.

Small Enhancement of Bimanual Typing Performance after 20 Sessions of tDCS in Healthy Young Adults.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that may improve motor learning. However, the long-term effects of tDCS have not been explored, and the ecological validity of the evaluated tasks was limited. To determine whether 20 sessions of tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1) would enhance the performance of a complex life motor skill, i.

Key Factors Associated with Adherence to Physical Exercise in Patients with Chronic Diseases and Older Adults: An Umbrella Review.

Physical inactivity is a major concern and poor adherence to exercise programs is often reported. The aim of this paper was to systematically review published reviews on the study of adherence to physical exercise in chronic patients and older adults and to identify those adherence-related key factors more frequently suggested by reviews for that population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.

Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease.

Repetitive, monotonic, and effortful voluntary muscle contractions performed for just a few weeks, i.e., resistance training, can substantially increase maximal voluntary force in the practiced task and can also increase gross motor performance.

Postural Stability and Cognitive Performance of Subjects With Parkinson's Disease During a Dual-Task in an Upright Stance.

Background: The reviewed studies on center of pressure (COP) displacement in Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects show important methodological differences and contradictory results with regard to healthy subjects. The dual-task paradigm method has been used to examine cognitive prioritization strategies to control concurrent postural and cognitive tasks. The motor requirements, such as pronouncing words, involved in the cognitive tasks used in double-task conditions could be related to the heterogeneity of the results.

An Integrative Clustering Approach to tDCS Individual Response Variability in Cognitive Performance: Beyond a Null Effect on Working Memory.

Despite the growing interest in the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the modulation of human cognitive function, there are contradictory findings regarding the cognitive benefits of this technique. Inter-individual response variability to tDCS may play a significant role. We explored the effects of anodal versus sham tDCS over the left prefrontal cortex (LPFC) on working memory performance, taking into account the inter-individual variability.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances strength training volume but not the force-velocity profile.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the acute effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the force-velocity relationship, strength training volume, movement velocity, and ratings of perceived exertion.

Methods: Fourteen healthy men (age 22.8 ± 3.

Exploring the effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over the prefrontal cortex on working memory: A cluster analysis approach.

Background: The interest in the use of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the enhancement of cognitive functioning has increased significantly in recent years. However, the efficacy of this technique remains to be established.

Objective: The current study explored the effects of anodal vs.

Set Configuration in Strength Training Programs Modulates the Cross Education Phenomenon.

Fariñas, J, Mayo, X, Giraldez-García, MA, Carballeira, E, Fernandez-Del-Olmo, M, Rial-Vazquez, J, Kingsley, JD, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Set configuration in strength training programs modulates the cross education phenomenon. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2414-2420, 2021-This study aimed to compare the strength gains in the nontrained arm after 2 independent unilateral training programs differing in the set configuration.

Short-Term Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Endurance and Maximal Force Production. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to explore the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on endurance (i.e., time to task failure (TTF)) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).

Athletes versus video game players: A predictive contextual processing study.

We investigated the effect of abstract and real life meaningful images from sports on predictive contextual processing in professional athletes and video gamers. EEG was recorded in three groups: professional basketball players (BP), professional athletes of individual sports (IA) and experienced action video game players (VG). Two recording sessions, each with a different set of visual stimuli was presented: either triangles facing left, up, right or down or four images of a basketball player throwing a ball.

Effect of Treadmill Walking on Leg Muscle Activation in Parkinson's Disease.

Treadmills are often used as rehabilitation devices to improve gait in Parkinson's disease (PD). Kinematic differences between treadmill and overground gait have been reported. However, electromyographic (EMG) patterns during treadmill and overground walking have not been systematically compared.

Dissociation between behavior and motor cortical excitability before and during ballistic wrist flexion and extension in young and old adults.

Purpose: Aging is associated with slow reactive movement generation and poor termination.

Objective: We examined the hypothesis that the build-up of excitability in the primary motor cortex in the agonist muscle to generate ballistic wrist flexion and extension and in the antagonist to stop the movement, is lower and slower in old compared with young adults.

Methods: We measured the size of the motor potentials evoked (MEP) produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), background integrated EMG (iEMG), and the MEP:iEMG ratio in healthy young (23 y, n = 14) and old adults' (73 y, n = 14) wrist flexors and extensors as they rapidly flexed or extended the wrist in response to an auditory cue.

Enhancing consolidation of a rotational visuomotor adaptation task through acute exercise.

We assessed the effect of a single bout of intense exercise on the adaptation and consolidation of a rotational visuomotor task, together with the effect of the order of exercise presentation relative to the learning task. Healthy adult participants (n = 29) were randomly allocated to one of three experimental groups: (1) exercise before task practice, (2) exercise after task practice, and (3) task practice only. After familiarization with the learning task, participants undertook a baseline practice set.