Association between type of major duodenal papilla and difficult biliary cannulation at first endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in adults: a cross-sectional study with bootstrap method.

Background: The type of major duodenal papilla could be associated with difficult biliary cannulation at first endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in adults.

Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients undergoing ERCP for the first time by an expert endoscopist. We defined the type of papilla according to the endoscopic classification of Haraldsson in type 1-4.

[Difficult biliary cannulation: early precut fistulotomy to avoid post ERCP pancreatitis. A retrospective analysis for two years].

Background: Difficult biliary cannulation is a risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis. In these cases, precutting is the most used technique.

Objective: To demonstrate that precut fistulotomy is safe and effective.

Diagnostic and therapeutic cholangioscopy in biliary diseases: a prospective study in Peru.

Introduction: Cholangioscopy is a test that allows the evaluation of the biliary epithelium. It is used for diagnosis and management of biliary diseases.

Objectives: Determine the success rate of complete removal of difficult stones with the use of laser lithotripsy through cholangioscopy as well as its complications.

[New technique for safe removal of impacted foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract using reusable variceal "cap" (cup, cap or cylinder)].

Objectives: The ingestion of a foreign body is one of the most common endoscopic emergencies. Foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract should be extracted as soon as possible to avoid serious complications such as perforation o bleeding. However, removals of foreign bodies with sharp edges are very difficult and can develop complications during their removal.

[Endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer: from Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) to Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)].

Surgery has been the traditional treatment for early gastric cancer, but it is known that the endoscopic treatment offers the same results with a lower mortality rate. The first endoscopic therapy used was the polypectomy in cases of pediculate tumors. However, in depressed or flat tumors, tissue-destructive methods are used together with sclerosant substances, laser or plasma argon; their disadvantage is that the procedure cannot be properly evaluated since the tissue is destroyed.

[History of the pancreas and the evolution of concepts and classification of pancreatitis].

In this paper we will try to compile briefly the most important historical facts on the pancreas, and how the concepts and classification about its major disorder, pancreatitis, has evolved. In older times, the pancreas was ignored, both as an organ and as a focus of disease. The first description of the pancreas is attributed to Herophilus.